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Course Summary (MM_5: Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External…
Course Summary
MM_5: Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic types of Cells and Tissues
All plant cells are customarily grouped into three classes based on their nature of their walls
Parenchyma
Have only primary walls that remain thin
Collenchyma
Have a primary wall that remains thin in some areas but becomes thickened in other areas, most often in the corners
Sclerenchyma
Has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified
Sclerenchyma cells are of two types
Long fibers
Short sclereids
Angiosperms
Largest division in the plant kingdom
Monocots
Grasses. lilies, cattails, palms, philodendrons, bromeliads, and several others
Eudicots
Broadleaf plants such as roses, asters, maples, and others
Two fundamental plant body types
Primary plant body
Secondary plant body
External Organization of Stems
Nodes
Internodes
Leaf axil
Axillary bud
Bud scales
Terminal bud
Phyllotaxy
The arrangement of leaves on the stem
Bulbs
Corms
Rhizomes
Tubers
MM_12: Transport Processes
Short distance and long distance transport
Isolation mechanisms
Related to transport processes
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
Diffusion
The random movement of particles in solution causes them to move from areas where they are in relatively high concentration to areas where they are in relatively low concentration
Active transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
Osmosis
Diffusion through a membrane
Water potential
A waters chemical potential is known as this
Water is available in the air and water
Guard cells
Each of a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma, becoming larger or smaller according to the pressure within a cell
MM_16: Genetics
MM_17: Population Genetics and Evolution
Replication of DNA
Mutations
Any change however big or small
Point mutation
Smallest mutation affecting the least amount of DNA
Deletion
If a piece of DNA is lost
Insertion
The addition of extra DNA
Inversion
DNA put in backwards
Effects could be bad or even good
Monohybrid Cross
Sexual reproduction between two individuals is called a cross
In a monohybrid cross only one character is being analyzed
Punnett Square
Traits can either be dominant or recessive
MM_9: Flowers and reproduction
Asexual reproduction
The most common is fragmentation
Sexual reproduction
Seeds are produced by sexual reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
Involves gametes
Sperm
Haploid
Eggs
Haploid
Microgametes
Small sperm cells that swim
Megagametes
Large eggs that don't swim
Meiosis results in haploid spores
Heterospory
Having two types of spores
Flower Structure
Pedicel
Flower stalk
Receptacle
Very end of the axis where the other flower parts are attached
Complete Flowers
Have all 4 of the floral appendages
Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Carpels
MM_11: Entergy Metabolism: Respiration
MM_10: Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
In plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct
Aerobic reapiartion
Requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
Under certain conditions, oxygen is not available, and an alternative electron acceptor must be used
Fermentation
Respiration without oxygen
MM_8: Structure of Wood Plants
Vascular cambium
One of the meristems that produce the secondary plant body
Fascicular cambium
Interfasicular cambium
Shares many features with an apical meristem
Unique in certain aspects
Rather simple meristem in that it only has two types of cells
Fusiform initials
Long, tapered cells
Ray initials
Short and more or less cuboidal
xylem and phloem
Xylem
Vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody elements in the stem
Secondary xylem
Known as wood
Phloem
Vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves
Hardwoods and Softwoods
MM_22: Seed Plants I: Seed Plants without flowers
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperms
Developed megaphyllous leaves
Order Aneurophytales
Order Archaeopteridales
Division Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
Earliest seed ferns appeared in the Upper Devonian Period
Division Coniferophyta: Conifers
Venation of conifer leaves are usually simple
With just one or two long veins running down the center of a needle-shaped leaf or several parallel veins in scale-shaped leaves
Division Cycadophyta: Cycads
Frequently confused with either ferns or young palm trees
Cycad foliage leaves do not bear ovules
Evolution of Seeds
Megasporangium was surrounded by a layer of tissue called integument
There was a large micropyle in the integument
Division Gnetophyta
Contains three groups of enigmatic plants
Gnetum
Ephedra
Welwitschia mirabilis
MM_25: Populations and Ecosystems
MM_26: Community Ecology
Diversity
Communities consist of more than one species
Diversity and Scale
A common observation is that scale matters
Species-area relationship
Relationship between area and species richness
Species abundance distribution
Diversity and Latitude
Predator-Prey Interactions
Two fundamental aspects
The predator's feeding rate
Predator's handling time
Competition between species
Invasive
If a species can increase from very low population density even with the competitor present
Resource
Any substance or factor that can lead to increased growth rates as its availability is increased and that is consumed by an organism
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
If two organisms interact with one another and both benefit
Mutualism
Faciliation
If one organism helps another without receiving any benefit
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat
A set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational habitat
Aspects of the habitat that definitely affect a plant
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
Soil factors
Latitude and Altitude
Disturbance
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The plant itself
Other plant species
Organisms other than the plant
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
Limiting factor
Biotic factors are also critical
Local Geographic Distribution
Random distributions
Clumped distributions
Uniform distributions
Age Distribution: Demography
r- and K- Selection
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
Temporal Structure
Species Composition
Trophic Levels
Basically feeding levels
MM_18: Classification and Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Species
The most fundamental level of classification
Closely related species are grouped together into genera
The next level above genus is family
The levels above family are
Order
Class
Division
Kingdom
Cladistics
A method of analyzing these phylogenetic, evolutionary relationships
Understanding Cladograms
Cladogram
A diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of a series of branches
MM_20: Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
MM_21: Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Early Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes
Zosterophyllophytes
Small herbs without secondary growth
The Microphyll Line of Evolution: Lycophytes
Lycophytes represent a distinct line of evolution out of the early land plants that resemble zosterophyllophytes
The Megaphyll Line of Evolution: Euphyllophytes
3 distinct types of homoplasic structures called leaves occur in plants
Leaves on gametophytes of nonvascular plants
Enations/ microphylls of zosterophyllophytes
Megaphylls
Ferns
Can be found in almost any habitat
Characteristics of nonvascular plants
Mosses are one of the most well known nonvasuclar plants
Never grow to be really large
Have a life cycle with an alteration of heteromorphic generations
Classification of Nonvascular plants
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
