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Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure & Cross-Pollination…

- - - - gametes
        
        sperm
        
        eggs
        
        zygote
        
        fertilized egg
    - - Sporophyte phase/generation
        
        trees
        
        shrubs
        
        herbs
      - sporophytes are always diploid
        
        have organs with cells capable of undergoing meiosis
        
        meiosis results in spores
        
        Difference between spores and gametes
        
        Spores
        
        cannot undergo syngamy
        
        undergoes mitosis
        
        grows into haploid gametophyte
        
        sporophytes form haploid plant
        
        Gametes
        
        can fuse with other gametes
        
        syngamy
        
        fertilization
        
        form diploid sporophyte
    - - small sperm cells
        
        swim
        
        microgametes
      - large eggs
        
        megagametes
        
        Don't swim
    - - dibiontic life cycle
      - sporophyte and gametophyte are easily distinguishable
  - - - where other flower part is attached
    - - sepals #
        
        lowermost, outermost of the four
        
        thickest, toughest, waxiest
        
        all sepals together form calyx
        
        modified leaves that surround and enclose other parts
      - petals
        
        above sepals on the receptacle
        
        collectively known as corolla
      - stamens
        
        Above petals
        
        collectively known as androecium
        
        2 parts
        
        filament
        
        its stalk
        
        anther
        
        where pollen is produced
      - carpels
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        highest level of receptacle
        
        3 main parts
        
        2) style
        
        elevates stigma to a useful position
        
        3) ovary
        
        where megaspores are produced
        
        1) stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
      - complete flowers
        
        have all 4
        
        typically have 3,4, or 5 more appendages of each
      - incomplete flowers
        
        lack one or more type
    - - Microgametophyte
        
        males
      - Megagametophyte
        
        females
  - - - 2) mesocarp
        
        middle layer: flesh
      - 3) endocarp
        
        innermost layer: may be tough like pit of cherry or may be thin
      - 1) exocarp
        
        outer layer: skin/peel
- - - - mutations that prevent formation of petals is advantageous
      - sepals often reduced/absent
      - ovaries need no special protection
      - attracting pollinators is unnecessary
  - - - produce critically important spores
    - - lack one or both essential organs
    - - has both essential organs, may lack sepals and/or petals
    - - sepals and petals
    - - cattails
      - corn
      - clusters of fertilized flowers
    - - marijuana
      - dates
      - willows
      - 4 types of plants
        
        microgametophytes
        
        staminate
        
        sporophytes
        
        carpellate sporophytes
  - - - prevent pollen growth
  - - - all pollination is effected by younger flowers just opening their anthers
  - - - can result if receptacle tissue grows upward around ovary
    - - no fusion to ovary occurs
      - ovary is above other flower parts
        
        hypogynous parts
- - - - only limited potential for growth
        
        apex is converted to a flower, ending its possibilities for continued growth
    - - lowest flowers open first
        
        new flowers still being initiated at apex
- - - - fruits containing only ovarian tissue
    - - false fruit
      - any nonovarian tissue is present
    - - fruit develops from a single ovary
      - fruit develops from fused ovaries of one flower
    - - separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development
      - raspberries
    - - figs
      - mulberries
      - pineapple
      - all individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
  - - - emphasis is placed on whether the fruit is
        
        dry
        
        not typically eaten by natural seed-distributing animals
        
        Further Classification
        
        Dehiscent fruits
        
        break open and release seeds
        
        indehiscent fruits
        
        do not break open and release seeds
        
        fleshy
        
        eaten during natural seed distribution process
        
        mostly indehiscent