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Categories of Disability Under IDEA (

Categories of Disability Under IDEA

Orthopaedic Impairment Radha

Description

Disability Acts and legislations around the world have varied definitions and categories to evaluate orthopaedic impairments. A collective perspective, articulated by IDEA, refers to severe physical disabilities- of bone and muscle- either congenital anamolies or disease-related, impact a child's educational performance. Typically, these children have the same cognitive abilities as their peers and are encouraged to attend mainstream classes. This distinction determines the types of intervention and individualized learning strategies, where ortho impairments are further classified to neuromotor impairments. The information presented is generalized for orthopaedic disabilities as each disability is unique across dimensions and require specific contexts.

Common Conditions

Cerebral Palsy

Amputations/Fractures

Bone tuberculosis

Clubfoot

Spina Bifida

Accommodations

Classrooms

Seating arrangements, ergo furniture, and equipment

Timetable adjustments to accommodate student disability

Modification in examinations and assessment systems such as extended time and oral exams

Learning Environment

Nonneuromotor orthopaedically challenged students should take mainstream classes as much as possible

Off-campus trips should be assessed to ensure student accessibility

Encourage diversity across physical and mental spectrums

Learning environment should encourage independent exploration and access to materials of special needs student

Personal Assistants or technological support to aid curriculum access

Disability-specific curricula adaptation

Teaching Strategies

Make eye-contact or kneel down if speaking to a wheelchair bound student for more than a few moments and with students with upper body paralysis. Pay attention to energy levels

Collaborate with Special Educators to work on instructional and classroom strategies for the student

Encourage creative expressions in classroom activities such as story-telling, making music and theatre

Contextualize vocabulary to child's experience of the world

Interventions

Extra-time in examinations and appropriate breaks as required

Encourage mainstream classes for cognitively able students as much as possible

Customizing organization of classroom to suit child's psych-physical needs

Individual programs

Involvement of family through home visits and vice versa

Adaptive physical education

Assistive Technology

Writing tools

E2 Grip Pens

Co-writer for word prediction

Voice recognition apps such as Dragon Dictation

Mobility Assistance

Powered wheelchairs with extensions to access high shelves

Ambulation devices

Communication Tools

Draw Free For IPAD

Immersive technology such as specially designed Virtual Reality platforms such as InclassVR

Case Studies

UNESCO Special needs Community-based programs

Virtual Reality in Special Needs

Emotional Disturbance Dianne

Interventions

Get student to engage in self-monitoring of their engagement and attentiveness in the class

Student needs to know specifically what the rule is and what it means to break that rule

Have a very structured and organized approach to their lessons and activities

Teach the student coping skills when they are calm to help them deal with frustrating social situations that escalate out of control

Model social behavior for the student and show appropriate responses to social stimuli

Please see my own mind map tool for strategies I intend to use in my classroom.

Accommodations

Establish open, accepting environment

Emphasize positive behaviors and program for success

Supply extra opportunities for success

Teach self-control, self-monitoring, and conflict resolution

Design activity checklists

Description

An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors

An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers

Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances

General pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression

Tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems

Includes schizophrenia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcxPQ3AYpqo

High incidence disability

Assistive Technology

The Talklight

Funmaths

Wii

Behavior Chart

Case Studies

Michael

Tommy

Grade 2 Boy

Bobby

Developmental Delay Mallory

Description

Refers to a delay in physical development, cognitive development, communication development, social or emotional development, or adaptive development and in a child (IDEA).

Low Incidence

There can be delays in only one or in multiple categories.

Interventions

Communacation

Encourage students to communicate with classmates. Use tools like pictures and songs to help students understand the language better.

Encourage group work, Teach other students to support those that need help.

Cognitive

Be as clear and concise in speech and rule setting as possible. Repeat things often and speak slower.

Social or Emotional

Encourage activities that require interaction. Incorporate group reading times or the use of toys.

Physical

Encourage physical development with active songs, coloring activities, and handwriting practice.

Adaptive

Take time during the class day to work with the child on reinforcing hygiene habits, such as making a sticker chart for washing hands. Allowing time for regular bathroom breaks.

Accomodations

Access to Proper Medical Support

Occupational therapists

Speech therapists

Nutritionists

Physical Therapist

Nutritionist

Early Dectection

IDEA guarantees free access to evaluations for families who suspect their child may have a developmental delay.

Physical

For children who are not as coordinate, use pens with grips or large picture books that are easy to hold.

Provide soft flooring or chairs if possible.

Use posters and pictures to express rules.

Assistive Technology

Assistive Tech for Developmental Delay

Auidobooks

Apps that encourage fine motor skills.

Text to Speech

Case Studies

Nathan

Eric

Deafness Yosef

Accomodations

Instructional Accomodations

Interpreting ( ASL, Signed English )

Classroom captioning (CART, CPrint, TypeWell)

Speech to Text Recognition ( speech recognition )

Visual supplements (overheads, charts, vocabulary lists, lecture
outlines)

Communication Accomodations

Provide interpreting (e.g., ASL, signed English, cued speech, oral)

Allow extra time for processing information

Assistive Technology

There are a variety of assistive visual technologies including visual alerting devices, technologies to convert spoken language to text, and technologies to support telecommunication.

Telecommunication

Real Time Transcription

Captioning

Visual Alerting Devices

Case Study

Being Deaf in Mainstream Classroom

AI assisting Deaf education

[Meagans Story] Meagans Story)

Description

“a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification.”

Curricular Modifications

Expansion of core curriculum

Strategies to adapt oral/aural curriculum/instruction to
accommodate reduced auditory access

Speech or Language Impairment Jacquelyn

Interventions

Direct Interventions where the child is forced to learn from their group members to positively improve their speech.

Indirect Interventions occur when an adult that is already in the child's life facilitates communication with the child.

Training of speech sounds and vocabulary with reinforcement.

Accommodations

Speech Therapy by a Speech Language Pathologist (SLP).

Substitution of oral assignments with written assignments depending on the severity of the speech.

Allowing students time to properly express themselves.

Provide SLP with spelling/vocabulary lists.

Assistive Technology

Assistive Listening Devices (ALD's)

Argumentative & Alternative Communication Devices (AAC)

Alerting Devices

Case Studies

Jack

John

Preschoolers with Speech & Language Impairment Link Title

Description

Officially defined by the IDEA as “a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance.”

Deaf-Blindness Jerusalem

Assistive Technology

Children with deaf-blindness need to have access to a variety of assertive technology such as these.

• captioning for television and video materials

• alerting devices such as vibrating alarms

• assistive listening device such as FM systems, vibrotactile aids, or auditory loops

• easel, book stands

• low vision devices such as CCTV, monoculars

• personal hearing aids and glasses

Braille Note (an electronic note taking device.)

Braille writier

Description

Deaf-blindness means concomitant hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs.
https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/deaf-blindness/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bpDBqcbcV0

Case Studies

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a4bTQuBF_wjX3z1mNOtbegBUae4Kx_4p/view?usp=sharing

https://www.med.unc.edu/ahs/clds/resources/deaf-blind-model-classroom-resources/db-case-studies

Accommodations

Classroom

Environment

Classroom arrangment

Magnification

Enlarging an object or texts using magnifier, telescope or a projector

Contrast

The use of color in text and background

Noise reduction

Carpet and other sound absorption materials

Flashing fire alarms

Note takers

CART

Communication Access Real-time Translation. CART is a service in which a certified CART provider listens to speech and instantaneously translates all the speech to text. http://www.captionsource.com/benefits/

Additional desk and work place

Teaching strategies

Hands-on/ activity based lessons

Total communicative strategies (auditory, visual and tactile information)

Anticipation Strategies (implement predictable routines)

Oral description or narration

Clear Direction

Interpreter and note taker

Early Intervention

Promote active learning in infants,

Support mutually satisfying exchanges

Develop contingent responsiveness in caregivers

Address the exceptional learning needs of DB infants.

Early sensory training with infants

Networking with families who have a child with DB

Parent Infant training programs

Visual Impairment, Including Blindness Nao

Description

Low Incidence Disability

"An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Includes both partial sight and total blindness

Accomodations

Assistive Technologies

Device with video magnifier (Ex. iPad)

Refreshable braille display

Braille translation software

Electronic braille note taker

Recording devices

Auditory books

Color filters

Classroom Environment

Create open floor space o ensure efficient movement and eliminate clutter from paths

Avoid glare from fluorescent lights

Open and close doors fully

Consistently place materials in designated space

Autism Christopher

Description

Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction.
(Autism Spectrum Disorders)

Three types...

Autistic Disorder

Asperger’s Syndrome

Pervasive Development Disorder

Low Incidence

On April 26, 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released new data showing autism in the United States. This surveillance study identified 1 in 59 children (1 in 37 boys and 1 in 151 girls) as having autism.

Assistive Technologies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q0eueDigPE

Many items in the classroom

Slanted writing serfaces

Pencil grips

An AlphaSmart (keyboard)

Noise reducing headphones

Wiggle seat

Picture communicator system

Mobile Apps for Verbal Skills

SceneSpeak

Speech with Milo

STEM Abilities Improve Social Skills

http://stem3academy.org/

Digital Tools to Promote Confidence

https://www.sphero.com/educators

Classroom Accommodations

Use Visuals When You Teach

Work with Parents

Reward Systems or Visual Behavioral Consequences

More Classroom Breaks Than Average

Have a Quiet Corner for Students

Case Study

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMcwiT7UPR0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VaqLu5X150

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hrotpeu4vE

Other Health Impairment Mallory

Description

Other Health Impairments refers to limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to chronic health problems that adversely affect a child's educational performance (IDEA).

Some Examples

ADD, ADHD

Epilepsy

Leukemia

Tourette Syndrome

Hemophelia

Heart Conditions

Asthma

Low Incidence.

Interventions

Flexibility on deadlines for assignments and tests.

Allow students to choose different types of activities based on their needs.

Use visual and written tools to repeat ideas that are stated.

Collaboration with family and medical staff when creating lesson plans.

Accomodations: Because of the wide range of conditions covered in "other health impairments", the accomodations are also varied. Here are some general ideas.

Allowance for periods of rest .

Ensured access to proper medical staff/ counselors.

Clear rules and expectations for those with limited alertness. Use journals or assignment books to make sure information is not getting lost.

Enough space in the classrooms to facilitate any medical needs, such as a wheel chair or oxygen tank, or proper lighting.

For those with limited alertness, allow free movement.Arrange seats as to limit distractions. Provide approved areas and toys for movement and fidgeting

Assistive Technology

Case Studies

ADHD

Epilepsy

Tourette Syndrome

Intellectual Disability Dianne

Accommodations

Simplify language content to the extent reasonable and practical

Slow speed of reading software output, if needed and appropriate

Repeat lesson/instructions multiple times until mastery is achieved

Teach through demonstration

Provide visual photograph guides demonstrating each step of a particular task

Provide student with writing implements or computer with word processing software if student can express self in writing

Provide interpreter via "buddy system" if those familiar with student's speech style can understand him/her

Assistive Technology

iPods

Mimiosprout

Interactive Toys

Smartphones

Affective Computing

Virtual Reality

Interventions

Make use of visual tools

Provide direct and immediate feedback

Use "hands-on" approaches in instruction

Break down learning tasks into small steps

Please see my own mind map tool for strategies I intend to use in my classroom.

Case Studies

Sydney

Drew

A 10-year old boy

Description

Showing significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance

This term replaces "mental retardation"

See Rosa's Law

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdx95EnWkms

Low incidence disability

Traumatic Brain Injury Chanel

Interventions

Understanding the behavior; internal and external triggers

Develop trusting relationships through honest, caring, and consistent interactions

Recognizing and responding to precursors; signs of anxiety; non-verbal and verbal signs

Be inclusive in a classroom

Therapeutic interventions for individuals with learning disabilities, emotional dyscontrol, and psychiatric disorders

Assistive Technology

Use large print

Talking clocks, calendars, and other daily use items are helpful

Handheld devices (i.e. tablets with voice control) / laptops

Writing or answering assistance technologies

Audio record lectures for playback

Permit the use of calculator/dictionary/thesaurus in tests

Case Studies

Michael Wight

Josh

Rachel

Accommodations

Mobility assisted tools

Special desks

Wheelchairs

Walkers

Specialists

Para-professionals

Speech specialists

Physical therapists

Classroom

Allow additional time for assignments and tests

Allow extra or extended breaks

Provide clear instructions both oral and written

Reduce quantity of work, in favor of quality

Provide preferential seating

Avoid placing student in high pressure situations

Description

Low incidence disability

No two brain injuries are alike and treatment/recovery is person-specific.

An acute injury affecting the brain, usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body.

Can affect all aspects of a person to include personality, learning, physical ability and emotional responses.

Video on TBI explanation

Multiple Disabilities Jeff

Accommodations

Assistive Technology

Writing Tools

Speech to text software

Intellikeys- A programmable keyboard for students unable to use a standard keyboard.

Clicker5- A writing tool that assists a student by allowing them to construct sentences by choosing words, phrases and pictures.

Mobility assistance

Reading tools

Text to speech

Magnification screens or software

Resources in brail

Someone to read to the student

Interventions

Interventions are tailored to specific needs of each student.

Individual programs. Might include self care, independence in everyday living, communication and/or social skills development.

Family Involvement

Teaching Literacy

Picture Books with common items

Connect words with pictures

Act out a story

Peer tutoring. Care must be given to insure it is not just a one way relationship.

Learning Environment

Reduction of sensory stimulation

Adjusted Lighting

Alternative seating and work areas

Interactive stations with an emphasis on technology

Common Conditions There are no common comorbid conditions that students with multiple disabilities have. It is any combination of disorders that qualify as a disabilities. Only 2%-3% of special education students are considered multiple disability.

Description

A student must meet the criteria from 34 CFR 300.8(c)(7) as stated here “Multiple disabilities means concomitant impairments (such as mental retardation-blindness or mental retardation-orthopedic impairment), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for one of the impairments. Multiple disabilities does not include deaf-blindness.”
It is also necessary for the disability to be expected to continue indefinitely and cause severe impairment in 2 or more of the following areas:
Psychomotor skills
Self-care skills
Communication
Social and emotional development
Cognition.

Case studies

Sharon's Story

Mickey's Story

Specific Learning Disability Kokou

Interventions

break learning into small steps

supply regular, quality feedback

use diagrams, graphics and pictures to augment what they say in words

provide ample independent, well-designed intensive practice

provide prompts of strategies to use

provide ample independent, well-designed intensive practice

Assistive Technology

Voice Recognition Software

Text to Speech software

Screen Reading software

Audio Books

Auditory Word Processing Software

Online Writing Support

Word Prediction Programs

Accommodations

Graph paper to assist in organizing or lining up math problems

Use of tape recorder for lectures

https://youtu.be/O0xdaCEqrU0

Alteration of the classroom arrangement

Use of manipulatives

Personalized examples

Use of computers and calculators

Description

Specific learning disabilities can be defined by a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken or written language. This disorder may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, read, write, spell, and/or to perform mathematical calculations.

High incidence disability

Case Studies

"G"

Amy

Bridget

Hearing Impairment Yosef

Assistive Technology

There are a variety of Hearing Assistive Technologies, referred to as HATS, designed to overcome distance, background noise, and reverberation. Some of the assistive listening devices most commonly used are Frequency Modulation systems, called FM systems, Infrared systems, Audio Induction Loop systems, and other accessories to couple hearing aids to media such as phones, music players, computers, and tablet devices.

Infrared and Audio Induction Loop

Coupling accessories

FM transmitting

Accommodations

Communication Accomdations

Priority Seating Arrangements

Ensure Students Attention Prior to Speaking

Reduce Audio Distractions

Reduce Visual Distractions

Physical Environment

Special Lighting

Noise Reverberation Reduction

Instructional Accomodations

Case studies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPCW5N4dQFU)

Hearing Impairment Case Study )

Nikau

Accomodations provide access to communication and instruction and are appropriate for 504 or IEP services

Description

An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but is not included under the definition of ‘deafness.'”

Curricular Modifications

Modified written assignments (shorten length, adjust evaluation
criteria)

Modified reading assignments (shorten length, adapt phonicsbased
instruction)