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Grammar IV Unit Review Chapters 7 & 8: Nouns & Pronouns By:…
Grammar IV Unit Review
Chapters 7 & 8: Nouns & Pronouns
By: Andrea Velasco Barrios
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns:
A pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called the "antecedent".
Subject Pronouns
Are used as subjects of sentences
He drives to work.
Object Pronouns
Are used as the objects of verbs or as objects of prepositions
I know him very well.
I talk to him everyday.
Possessive Pronouns
Are not followed immediately by a noun; they stand alone.
That book is hers.
Possessive Adjectives
Are followed immediately by a noun; they do not stand alone.
Her book is here.
Personal Pronouns; Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns
A generic noun does not refer to any person or thing in particular; rather, it represents a whole group.
With a generic noun, a singular masculine pronoun has been used traditionally, but man English speakers now use both masculine and feminine pronouns to refer to a singular generic noun.
Problems with choosing masculine and/or feminine pronouns can often be avoided by using a plural rather than a singular generic noun.
In formal English, the use of a singular pronoun to refer to an indefinite pronoun is generally considered to be grammatically corrrect.
In informal English, a plural personal pronoun is usually used to refer to an indefinite pronoun.
Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns
When a collective noun refers to a single impersonal unit, a singular gender-neutral pronoun (it, its) is used.
My family is large. It is composed of nine members.
When a collective noun refers to a collection of various individuals, a plural noun (they, them, their) is used.
My family is loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me.
Reflexive Pronouns
Usually used as the object of a verb preposition. A reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a verb or preposition when the subject of the sentence ant the object are the same.
Reflexive pronouns are also used for emplasis.
The expression by + a reflexive pronoun means "alone".
Singular
Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, oneself
Plural
Ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Using You, One, They, as Impersonal Pronouns
One
Means "any person, people in general". More formal
You
Means "any person, people in general". More frequent in everyday English.
They
Used as an impersonal pronoun in spoken or very informal English to mean "people in general" or "an undefined group of people". Has no antecedent.
Forms of Other
Forms of other are used as either adjectives or pronouns.
Another is always singular.
A final -s is used only for a plural pronoun (others).
The meaning of another "one more in addition to or different from the one(s) already mentioned".
The meaning of other/ others (without the) "seeral more in addition to or different from the ones already mentioned.
The meaning of the other(s) "all that remains from a given number; the rest of a specific group"
Another is used as an adjective with expressions of time, money, distance.
Nouns
Words used to identify any of a class of people, place or thing.
Singular Expressions of Quantity: One, Each, Every
One, each and every are followed immediately by singular count nouns (never plural nouns, never noncount nouns).
One of, each of, and every of are followed by specific plural count nouns (never singular nouns, never noncount nouns)
Some Common Noncount Nouns
Whole groups made of similar items
Baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewerly, junk, machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic, etc.
Fluids
Water, coffee, tea, etc.
Solids
Ice, bread, butter, etc.
Gases
Steam, air, oxygen, etc.
Particles
Rice, chalk, corn, etc.
Abstractions
Beauty, confidence, courage, education, etc.
Languages
English, Spanish, Arabic, etc.
Fields of study
Chemistry, engineering, history, etc.
Recreation
Baseball, soccer, tennis, etc.
Activities
Driving, studying, swimming, etc.
Nouncount Nouns
Many noncount nouns refer to a "whole" that is made up of different parts.
Furniture
Many noncount nouns are abstractions
Luck
A phenomenon of nature
Sunshine
Many noncount nouns can be used as either noncount or count nouns, but the meaning is different.
Basic Article Usage
Using A or Some: Indefinite nouns
A
Singular count nouns
Some
Plural count nouns
Noncount nouns
Using The: Definite Nouns
Singular count noun
Plural count noun
Noncount noun
Using A or 0: Generic Nouns
0
Plural
Non-count nouns
A
Singular
Count noun
Count and Noncount Nouns
Count Noun
May be preceded by a/an or one in the singular
Takes a final -s/-es in the plural
Noncount noun
Is not immediately preceded by a/an or one.
Has no plural form
General Guidelines for Article Usage
Use the for the second mention of an indefinite noun.
Do not use the with a plural count noun or a noncount noun
Use the when you know or assume that your listener is familiar with and thinking about the same specific thing or person you are talking about.
A singular count noun is always preceded by
An article (a/an or the)
This/ that
A possessive pronoun
Nouns as Adjectives
When a noun is used as an adjective it has to be singular.
A flower garden.
When a noun is used as a modifier, is combined with a number of expression.
Is a six year old boy.
Expressions of Quantity Used with Count and Noncount Nouns
An expression of quantity may procede a noun. Some expressions of quantity are used only with count nouns
One, each and every
Two, etc., both, a couple of, a few, several, many, a number of.
Some are used only with noncount nouns
A little, much, a great deal of
Some are used with both count and noncount nouns
No, hardly any, some/any, a lot of/lots of, plenty of, most, all
Possesive Nouns
To show possession we add ' and -s. If it ends with -s add the ' at the end. If it is in plural, add ' after the -s or add ' in the -s.
Singular Noun
Add an apostrophe and-s
Thomas's
Add only and apostrophe
Thomas'
Plural Noun
Add only and apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in -s
Add an apostrophe and -s to plural nouns that do not end in -s.
Using a few and few; a little and little
A few and few are used with plural count nouns.
A little and little are used with noncount nouns.
Few and little give a negative idea
A few and a little give a positive idea.
Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
The plural of most nouns is formed by adding final -s.
Songs
Final -es is added to nouns that end in -sh, -ch, -s, -z and -x
Boxes
Words that end in a consonant +-y add -ies
Babies
Some nouns that end in -o add -es or -s. For some nouns that end in -o add either -es or -s (-es =+ usual)
Echoes, heroes, autos, photos, radios, solos
Some nouns that end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves
Calves, halves, knives, leaves, lives, loaves, selves, shelves, thieves, wolves, scarves/scarfs
Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.
Deer, fish, sheep, means, offspring, species
Some nouns that end in -f simply add -s
Belief
s
, chief
s
, cliff
s
, roof
s
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals
Criteria, phenomena, bacteria, curricula, memoranda, data, media, analyses, bases, crises, hypotheses, parentheses, theses
Using "of" in expressions of quantity
"Of" is used with
Specific nouns
Pronouns
Some expressions of quantity like "a lot of" always include "of", whether the noun is nonspecific, or specific.
With some expressions of quantity, "of" is not used when the noun is nonspecific