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Development Over the Lifespan (What Innate Abilities does the Infant…

- - - - marked by well-developed mental representation & use of language
      - Egocentrism
      - 2~6/7yrs old
      - Animistic thinking
      - Centration
      - Irreversibility
    - - understands conservation eg. volume of water in different containers
      - Mental operations
      - arnd 7~11 yrs old
      - incapable of abstract thought
    - - Sensorimotor intelligence
      - Object permanence
      - Birth~2yrs old
      - Form mental representations (internal images of objects & events)
    - - Abstract thought appears
      - From arnd 12yrs old
    - - understanding others have diff beliefs/emotions from their own
      - assessed using Sally-Anne task
      - Theory of mind
  - - - Mental process that incorporates new info into existing schemas
      - eg. Grasp a cup after learning to grasp a rattle
    - - Mental process that modifies schemas to accommodate new info
      - eg. Ang mor going to Japan learns to bow instead of shaking heads when meeting new people
- - - - preference for human faces & can perceive depth, colours
      - auditory preference for human voices (eg. cat in the hat stories)
      - taste preference: sweet
    - - mimicry
      - synchronicity
    - - Grasping reflex
        
        able to cling onto caregiver
      - Rooting reflex
        
        newborns turn their heads toward anything that strokes their cheeks
      - Postural reflex
        
        allows babies to sit with support
      - Stepping reflex
        
        prepares the baby to walk
  - - - Harlows' Monkeys experiment
        
        prefer cloth > milk
      - Tiffany Field's massage
        
        Stimulates physical developt-->premature babies faster weight gain
    - - imprinting
      - Attachment styles
        
        Secure
        
        relaxed, comfortable with caregiver, tolerant of strangers, open to new experiences
        
        Anxious-ambivalent
        
        want contact with caregiver, distressed when separated, diff to console when reunited
        
        The Strange Situation--> used to measure attachment
        
        Avoidant
        
        no interest in contact with caregiver, not distressed when separated, no reaction when reunited
      - "Ideal" attachment style
        
        depends on culture (America prefer secure, German-avoidant, Jap-anxious-ambivalent)
    - - Maturation= genetically programmed processes of growth manifests by itself over time
      - influenced by
        
        Genetic leash
    - - pg 277 table 7.1
    - - Sensitive periods
        
        organisms is especially responsive to external stimuli
        
        each time exposed to new stimulus, dendrites & axons grow & branch out to facilitate connections bet neurons
        
        more frequent neural connections are utilised, the more permanent they become
        
        eg. diff in competency bet those who learned ASL since young vs those who learned in adolescence or adulthood
      - Brain development
        
        dendrites & axons grow & connect
        
        by 11 yrs old, synaptic pruning
  - - - embryo's cells undergo differentiation
    - - after 8th week, developing embryo is called fetus
      - spontaneous mvts & basic reflexes appear
    - - zygote undergoes cell division--> implant in uterine lining as embryo
    - - Teratogens
        
        Nicotine
        
        Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)