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Circulatory System (Structure of Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins…

- - - - Endothelium with thick layer of smooth muscle and a thick layer of connective tissue
      - Hormones and nervous system signals act on arteries to dilate or constrict arteries to control blood flow to different body parts
  - - - Endothelium and thin layer of smooth muscle and thin layer of connective tissue
      - Contains valves to maintain unidirectional blood flow even with low blood pressure
  - - - Very small diameter (slightly larger than RBC)
      - Super thin walls to facilitate diffusion
      - 1 layer of endothelial cells (endothelium) and basal lamina
- - - - Sympathetic branch of ANS increases heart rate
      - Parasynthetic branch of ANS decreases heart rate
- - - - Relaxed phase
- - - - Same as interstitial fluid
    - - sinuses: spaces surrounding organs
        
        where nutrient exchange occurs
  - - - NOT the same as intersitial fluid
    - - vessels branch into smaller ones that then infiltrate organs and tissues
        
        chemical exchange occurs between blood and interstitial fluid AND between IF and body cells
- - - - Blood pressure (aka hydrostatic pressure) drivesfluid out of capillaries into tissues
      - Blood proteins (aka osmotic pressure) pull fluid back into capillaries (fluid moves from tissues into capillaries)
        
        Proteins are responsible for bloods osmotic pressure
        
        osmotic pressure opposes movement out of capillaries
- - - - Blood in Right Ventricle is pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
        
        Newly oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium via pulmonary veins
        
        O2 rich blood flows into the Left Ventricle
        
        The Left Ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
        
        Aorta branches into coronary arteries (supplies blood to heart muscle), capillary beds in head and arms, and capillary beds in abdominal organs and legs
        
        In capillaries: net diffusion of O2 into tissues + of CO2 into blood, Capillaries form venules which convey blood to veins.
        
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      - When at the lungs, blood flows through the capillaries beds and loads O2 and unloads CO2