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Classification and Systematics (Level of Taxonomic Catergories https…
Classification and Systematics
Level of Taxonomic Catergories
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSVC4DLlTt0nRuVg4N6wF8-WpG0Tks-i47_Eek0zPyLtMwDiuSA
Order(ales), Class(opsida), Division(phyta) and Kingdom:
sub species=pretty similar
Family(aceae): composed of one or several genera
Genus: difficult to categorize, all have common ancestores
species epithet= word that distinguishes species only from the other specis
taxon= general way of referring to these groups
Cladistics
http://www.mrhorrocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/clades.png
Understanding Cladograms
cladogram= a diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of series of branches
node= each point at which a cladogram branches
clade= any ancestor and all branches that lead from it
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
only unit w/ objective definition is species
used to just be monocot/dicot
homoplasies=analogous features
synapomophies= descended from common ancestors
cladistics= method of analyzing phylogenetic evolutionary relationships
Other types of Classification Systems
Artificial Systems of Classification
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l6-9-18027-planttaxonomy-140717043531-phpapp02/95/plant-taxonomy-18-638.jpg?cb=1405571775
several key characters are chosen as the basis of classification
typically have goal of easy plant identification w/ obvious characters
Classification Systems for Fossils
combines features of both artificial and natural systems
goal is to understand evolution of fossil and to identify ancestors and relatives
Taxonomic Studies
No species is exactly alike another one. Research is to look for new plants and new info about existing plants
isotypes: way of avoiding reoccurring disaster by spreading specimens close to that specimen around the world
The Major Lines of Evolution
first major event was start of life. abt. 3.5 billion of years ago
second was conversion of prokaryotes to eukaryotes
kingdom Protista= org similar to that of early eukaryotes
as they evolved more and more clades were made