the study of the self, motivation, and goals are areas of particular interest

contrasts with behaviorist notion of operant conditioning (which argues that all behavior is the result of the application of consequences) and the cognitive psychologist belief that the discovering knowledge or constructing meaning is central to learning

Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-actualized people in a cooperative, supportive environment

BF Skinner (1904-1990). Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike (1974-1939). E.g. Law of Effect,

John Watson (1878-1958). Acknowledged basic emotions. Famous for his Little Albert experiment

appropriate learner responses dependent on teacher offering suitable stimuli

learners are assumed to be more passive than active

Mastery Learning is the notion that performance levels of children can be raised if only each were given sufficient time and instruction

Classroom behaviour can be controlled through application of positive and negative reinforcement methods

Task analysis has produced techniques such as chaining to assist with teaching behaviours to young and special needs children

Albert Bandura: (Social Learning Theory) (1925-) Studied the power of modelling in shaping behaviour

Arthur Staats (b. 1925) (Psychological Behaviourism). He paid more attention to `psychological' factors such as personality and intelligence

primary purpose of humanism could be described as the development of self-actualised, autonomous people

learning is student centered and personalised, and the educator’s role is that of a facilitator

it is necessary to study the person as a whole, especially as an individual grows and develops over the lifespan (similarities to systemic theory??)

emphasis on students' choice and control over the course of their education. Students are encouraged to make choices that range from day-to-day activities to periodically setting future life goals

focus on the felt concerns and interests of the students intertwining with the intellect. It is believed that the overall mood and feeling of the students can either hinder or foster the process of learning

both feelings and knowledge are important to the learning process

grades are irrelevant and that only self-evaluation is meaningful. Grading encourages students to work for a grade and not for intrinsic satisfaction

The tutor or lecturer tends to be more supportive than critical, more understanding than judgmental, more genuine than playing a role

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century (1960s) in answer to the limitations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism

developed as a rebellion against what some psychologists saw as the limitations of the behaviorist and psychodynamic psychology. The humanistic approach is thus often called the “third force” in psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviorism

humanist approach has a reduced capacity for experimental research,

disagreement on the basic humanist assumption of inherent human goodness.

lack of methods for treating of different mental health problems, and

Self-Concept Theory (“maintains that behavior is mediated by the ways an individual views oneself, and that these views serve as both antecedent and consequence of human activity

The Perceptual Tradition (“human behavior is the product of the unique ways that individuals view the world

respect (of other people since they are able, valuable, and responsible)

optimism (since people possess practically unlimited potential in all areas of human endeavor)

trust (that one will find his own best way of accomplishing things)

intentionality (to act intentionally in order to offer something beneficial to others)

a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a pyramid

Belongingness – includes love, friendship, intimacy, family, etc.

Safety – includes security of environment, employment, resources, health, property, etc.

Esteem – includes confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, etc

Physiological – includes air, food, water, sex, sleep, other factors towards homeostasis, etc.

Self-actualization – includes morality, creativity, problem solving

A four-stage cyclical theory of learning, Kolb’s experiential learning theory is a holistic perspective that combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior.

learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience

Abstract Conceptualization (reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept)

Reflective Observation of the new experience. (of particular importance are any inconsistencies between experience and understanding).

Concrete Experience - (a new experience or situation is encountered, or a reinterpretation of existing experience).

Active Experimentation (the learner applies them to the world around them to see what results)

Piaget's concrete operational stage is the developmental level of the learners 🚩