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Testing and Evaluation In Counselling (CHPT 8: Personality Test :star:…

- - - - determine the suitability of using the instruments to determine whether the purpose of the instrument is consistent with the needs of the counselor
    - - through formal or informal techniques
      - analyse client's character before choosing suitable assessment for client eg: self-report,pencil&paper, behaviour checklist,computer assessment.
    - - before counselor can determine the assessment strategy to consider and evaluate,they need first to determine what information is required
  - - - need template
      - exhausting
    - - faster
      - accurate
      - comprehensive
      - no bias
      - programmed to solve complex problems
      - can interpret results
- - - - talents
      - traits
      - self potential
      - interests
- - - - correctness
      - meaningfullness
      - appropriateness
      - usefulness
      - Test Validity
        
        Criterion-Related Validity
        
        concurrent validity
        
        criteria which are shown at the same time or almost the same time as the measurement imposed on the criteria *Example: student good at biology also good at using microscope*
        
        predictive validity
        
        student positive towards biology,student should opt for biology as subject of choice
        
        Construct Validiy
        
        to measure extent a person exhibits personality traits,behaviours,or mental traits such amiable,responsible,fair,introverted,motivated,creative,active brain
        
        example: a person who is creative is also imaginative
        
        Content Validity
        
        extent a tool collects data.A tool with high content validity is able to measure all materials and contents of the field
        
        item validity
        
        items of the test are relevant to the measurement of contents of the field
        
        sampling validity
        
        extent the test samples include the total contents of the field under study
        
        eg: a test to test knowledge in biological facts has good item validity if all items are related to biology ,but sampling validity is weak if the questions do not encompass all contents of biology
        
        Consequential Validity
        
        consequences that arise from the test.Allow researches to identify whether a problem exists which can negatively impact the students,teachers and people tested
        
        Example: ho do test which only test students with multiple choice items influence students learning if compared to assessing them using unlimited items
    - - inappropriate difficulty level
      - poor developed test
      - test unfit for level of skills
      - inadequate number of items
      - inaccurate order of items
      - order of answers> confuses mood
      - insufficient time
      - ambiguity
      - vocab & sentence structure difficult
      - unclear instructions
    - - extent of consistency of measuring tool in measuring what is to be measured(high reliability,low reliability)
        
        Equivalence
        
        degree in which two forms of almost similar sets of questions produce scores which are nearly the same from a test group
        
        questions are developed separately and must fulfill the stipulated specifications in terms of number of items,form,instruction,test duration,format,contents,range,level of difficulty,but with different question
        
        this method is done to prevent candidates from remembering the items being tested
        
        Equivalence and stability
        
        Internal Consistency
        
        Stability/test-retest
        
        scores on the same test are consistent at regular intervals
        
        the more similar the test scores conducted at regular intervals are ,the more stable the test scores
      - Factors that influence reliability
        
        length of test
        
        heterogeneity of group
        
        ability of individuals taking the test
        
        state of variables to be measured
        
        time limit
    - - test examination facilities
      - ease of administration
      - resding
      - ease of interpretation
      - format of test
      - cost of test
      - aids for administrators
      - usefulness of test manual
      - time of test
  - - - mark or score which has the highest frequency in data distribution
    - - midpoint value of the whole data distribution
    - - arithmetic average of data disribution
  - - - ranking features and also a distinction for each unit of interval of equal value
      - categories used to classify interval data are mutually exclusive
      - measurement carry weightage: either smaller or bigger
      - measurement in interval scale are arbitrary value(not absolute).The zero is also arbitrary
      - eg: speed,temperature,height,weight
    - - all characteristics of interval
      - zero value is empty
      - eg: money,distance,height
    - - has ranking value
      - data can be organised either from lowest to highest or from poor to excellent
      - the number category arrangement is from small to big or good to better
      - categories applied to classify ordinal data are mutually exclusive
      - measurement show ranking logically
      - measurement carry weightage
    - - most convenient
      - the lowest accuracy
      - eg: gender,ethnicity,marital status
      - each member is owned by only one category
      - the number which represents each category does not have ranking value
      - classification of the original data to nominal data is 1 to 1
  - - - process
      - organise
      - draw conclusion
      - analyse
      - data in a quantitative form
    - - explain and classify research data
      - but is limited to explain available sample only
- - - - David Wechsler created an intelligence test based on items appropriate with age level.
        
        Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
        
        performance scale
        
        block design
        
        picture arrangement
        
        digit symbol
        
        picture completion
        
        object assembly
        
        verbal scale
        
        digit span
        
        similarities and differences of objects
        
        comprehension
        
        information
        
        arithematic
        
        vocabulary
        
        Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children (WISC)
        
        Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI)
        
        block design
        
        information
        
        matrix reasoning
        
        vocab
        
        picture concepts
        
        symbol seach
        
        word reasoning
        
        coding
        
        comprehension
        
        picture completion
        
        similarities
        
        receptive vocab
        
        object assembly
        
        picture naming
        
        measured vocabulary,geometry,and visual spatial ability,general knowledge,social awareness,short term memories
    - - revised by a psychologist names Leis M.Terman Stanford University,USA,1916
      - IQ(Intelligence Quotient) is an intelligence measurement index
      - As children age increases,the mental age also increases.Hence,mental age is divided by the physical age
      - Terman's formula, mental age divided by physical age and multiplied by 100
      - more than 140,genius/Genius,120-140/Very superior intelligence 110-119/superior intelligence 90-109,
  - - - giving self belief to the individuals interest
      - helps to draw out individuals hidden potential
      - test can fulfill basic need of individual to work at a place which attracts them the most
      - used for selection of careers based on available talents.
      - finding developmental needs which provide good prospects
    - - asses the aptitude that is important for the performance of a specific job
      - helps determine skills an individual possess
      - the test tool covers 16 elements
    - - tests and measures the ability of the individual in each diverse field and begins to search for careers which are related to the aptitude test
      - aspects covered
        
        interaction
        
        numbering
        
        abstract
        
        perception,speed and accuracy
        
        mechanical
        
        space realtions
        
        language use
        
        educational apptitude
    - - to measure individual aptitude level
        
        reading comprehension
        
        communication
        
        personality
        
        individual ability
        
        individual talent
      - consists of 6 parts,multiple choice answers with 4 possible answers indicated by ABCD
      - 120 questions= 68 verbal and 52 objective questions,which requires 3 hours
      - very suitable for selection in educational institution
- - - - contains 2 scales
        
        primary scale
        
        Artistic (A)
        
        Social (S)
        
        Investigative (I)
        
        Enterprising (E)
        
        Realistic (R)
        
        Conventional (C)
        
        secondary scale
        
        MAsculinity-Feminity (MF)
        
        Status ST)
        
        Self-control (SC)
        
        Infrequency (INF)
        
        Asquiescence (AC)
- - - - measures the source of satisfaction pursued by each individual from their work environment (score results,altruism,aesthetics,creativity,intellectual stimulation,independence,prestige,management,economic situation,security,surroundings,supervisory relationship,values of collegue r/ship,way of life)
    - - measures adaptability or suitability of an individual to an organisation