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Genetics (16) (Crosses (Monohybrid (Complete dominance (Traits (Dominant…
Genetics (16)
Crosses
Monohybrid
Single character analyzed
Other traits not considered
Complete dominance
Traits
Dominant
Masks the recessive trait
Recessive
Other version of trait that is masked in heterozygous individual
Dihybrid
Two genes studied simultaneously
Sexual reproduction bt 2 individuals
Generations
F1
Offspring of parental
Heterozygous
2 different alleles for genes
Selfing
2 heterozygotes for same gene crossed together
When plant's own pollen fertilizes it's own eggs
F2
Offspring of F1
Parental
Parents
Homozygous
2 identical alleles for gene
Incomplete dominance
Neither parental trait dominates the other
Punnett Square
Diagram used to predict genotypes
Test Cross
Performed to discovered genotype
Testing trait in question
Questioned individual crossed with homozygous recessive
Replication of DNA
Happens during S phase
Doubles amount of DNA
Each gene exists in at least 2 copies
1 on each of 2 chromatids
Replicon
small "bubble"
Formed from two strands separating
Primer RNA
starting point for synthesis
approx. 10 nucleotides long
DNA polymerase
DNA-synthesizing enzyme
Mutations
Any change in DNA
Types
Point
single base is converted to another base
Deletion
A piece of DNA is lost
Insertion
Addition of extra DNA
Inversion
A piece becomes tangled
Breaks
Put in backwards in repair
Causes
Mutagen
Physical agent
Chemical agent
Ultraviolet Light
X-rays
Radiation
Somatic
In cells that never lead to sex cells
Effects of Mutations
Depend on
Nature
position
extent
May have no effect
Generally unimportant
Point
Small insertions
Deletions in introns
Statistically almost always harmful
Multiple Genes for
One character
Epistasis
Having multiple genes for each trait
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis
numerous crosses to determine how much various genes contribute to a particular phenotype
Pleiotropic effects
Multiple phenotype effects of one mutation
Other aspects of inheritance
Maternal Inheritance
Biparental Inheritance
Alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to progeny
All genes in nucleus undergo this
Uniparental Inheritance
Zygote obtains all plastid and mitochondrion genomes from maternal paren
Pollen Parent
Ovule Parent
Semiconservative replication
Each DNA strand acts as template for complementary strand
Each resulting double helix contains
1 new molecule
A conserved old one
Replication fork
forked appearance
formed when DNA uncoils & separates
Ligate
attachment of new DNA together
Covalent bonds
