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Flowers and Reproduction (The Plant Life Cycle (Sporophyte phase or…

- - - - Large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters, and individual parts become self-sufficient
  - - - Resulting in many new gene combinations
    - - Two individuals are required
      - Sex cells must move from one plant to another
    - - Produced by sexual reproduction
        
        Often have a means of long-distance dispersal
- - - - Gametes can fuse with other gametes in a process called syngamy or fertilization
        
        Thereby producing the diploid zygote
      - Spores can not undergo syngamy
      - Each undergoes mitosis and grows into an entire new haploid plant called gametophyte
  - - - Small sperm cells that swim
    - - Large eggs that don't swim
  - - - Megagametophytes
        
        Megaspores
    - - Microspores
  - - - Typically just one kind of sporophyte occurs in a life cycle
        
        Produces both microspores and megaspores
  - - - Because gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes at all
- - - - Lowermost and outermost of the four floral appendages
      - Modified leaves that surround and enclose the other flower parts as they mature
      - Typically the thickest, toughest, and waxiest of the flower parts
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops
      - Calyx
        
        All the sepals together
    - - Sepals and petals together constitute the flower's perianth
      - Are "leaf-like"
      - Contain pigments other than chlorophyll
    - - Collectively known as the androecium
      - Typically referred to as the "male" part of the flower
        
        Because they produce pollen
      - Have two parts
        
        Filament (its stalk)
        
        Anther
        
        Where pollen is actually produced
        
        Composed of diploid cells
        
        Microsporocytes
        
        Continue to enlarge and then undergo meiosis
        
        Tapetum
        
        Act as nurse cells
    - - Constitute the gynoecium
      - Located at the highest level on the receptacle
      - Have three main parts
        
        A stigma
        
        Catches pollen grains
        
        A style
        
        Elevates the stigma to a useful position
        
        An ovary
        
        Where megaspores are produced
        
        Placentae
        
        Inside the ovary
        
        Regions of tissue that bear small structures
        
        Ovules
        
        Have a short stalk
        
        1 more item...
        
        Has a central mass of parenchyma called nucellus
        
        Megaspore mother cells or megasporocytes
      - A flower can have zero to many carpels
    - - Have all four types of floral appendages
- - - - In angiospoerms, each microgametophyte is very small and simple
        
        Consisting of at most three cells located within the original pollen cell wall
      - Vegetative cell
      - Generative cell
  - - - Technical term for a multinucleate megagametophyte
- - - - Karyogamy
        
        Fusion of the nuclei
  - - - Pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
      - The end of the embryo farther from the suspensor initiates two primordia that grows into two cotyledons in basal angiosperms and eudicots
    - - The embryo is an elongate cylinder
        
        Short axis is established consisting of
        
        Radicle
        
        Epicotyl
        
        Hypocotyl
    - - Mature seed in which endosperm is rather abundant
      - If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity the seed is exalbuminous
    - - The ovary matures into a fruit
        
        Development varies with the nature of the carpels and the nature of the mature fruit
      - Exocarp
        
        The outerlayer
      - Mesocarp
        
        Middle layer
      - Endocarp
        
        Innermost layer
      - Pericarp
        
        The entire fruit wall