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Barrett Bornhofen Barrett Sr Year Photo shot (Before taking this course, I…

- - - - Since Puerto Rico has become part of the United States's jurisdiction, there has been an "Americanization" of Puerto Rican culture. There was a big process of assimilation in Puerto Rico. The United States' opinion of Puerto Rico was that they were not capable of developing a civilized culture on their own. Puerto Rico then had to go through the long process of "Americanization" by Americans so that they could become civilized. They had to go through this process until the United States thought they were capable of assuming the responsibilities of citizenship.
        
        This "Americanization" of Puerto Rican culture definitely caused the culture of Puerto Rico to become hybrid. Puerto Ricans in the United States have an identity that includes some African-American elements, which conflicts with their Spanish culture somewhat. Since Puerto Rico is now owned by the United States, their culture has mixed with many other cultures in the United States since we have so many cultures inside our country.
        
        Pictured below is a Puerto Rican woman wearing antebellum style clothing, which is a style most known to be popular in the southeastern portion of the United States.
        
        Puerto Rico Jazz Jam
        
        The LatinoJusticePRLDEF, which stands for the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education fund, is a New York based national civil rights organization. Their goal is to change discriminatory practices against Puerto Ricans via litigation. It was founded in 1972, and has fought for Puerto Rican improvement such as bilingual education in New York City schools. It is now the most important legal advocacy group for Puerto Ricans in the United States.
        
        On the other hand, the American influence on Puerto Rico has been huge over the years. It has influenced areas like music, literature, and even the film industry. Jazz is popular in their style of music, and the island also attracts many U.S studios for movies.
        
        All of this American influence on Puerto Rico has definitely changed Puerto Rican culture in a way. It has made their culture mix with American culture. The United States even reconstructed the island's economic structure so it would benefit the United States more. Naturally, while a country controls another piece of land, there is always going to be some sort of hybridity between the two cultures.
- - - - Native American students at one of their boarding schools.
      - The environment of these boarding schools often felt like military for the students. They were forced to wear uniforms, cut their hair, and even march in formation. Rules were harsh when broken by students. The United States' approach to trying to assimilate the Native Americans, was too harsh and too much like a military camp for the Natives. However, it did cause hybridity of the Native American culture since they were forced to take on these American looks and practices.
        
        The hybridity started in the boarding schools and has continued to live on throughout history.
        
        Although the cultures mentioned in my project have all assimilated to American culture, they still stick together and have organizations that unite members of their culture and speak out about issues and topics that deal with their communities. For example, Native Americans have a civil rights group called AIM, which stands for American Indian Movement. They fight for rights of Native Americans and their main goal is to create economic independence for Indians.
        
        How the US Suppressed Native American Identity
- - - - For a long time, African American culture developed separately from other American cultures because of racial discrimination and slavery in the United States. However since racial tensions have died down over the years, African American culture has become very important to American culture and is now part of it.
        
        For example, the month of February is now Black History Month in the United States. During this time, we look back and remember the important people and events of African American history and culture.
        
        Black History Month Broadband: Martin Luther King Jr. Leads The March on Washington
        
        The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, this group is a civil rights organization that was formed to advance justice for African Americans. It was formed in 1909 and has fought for justice ever since then. They have had large impacts on the country during periods of high tension such as the Jim Crow era and desegregation.
      - African Americans had to endure pain and oppression for many years in the school system even though the schools were now open to them. Many white students and teachers still would not accept them.
- - - - "Fear of self-expression is a form of self-imposed slavery." -Zero Dean
- - - - I also researched and learned about the lives of famous Mexican artists Damian Ortega and Raul De Nieves.
        
        Damian Ortega
        
        Born in Mexico City in 1967
        
        Started his career as a political cartoonist in Mexico
        
        Now creates masterpieces that are sculptures made from everyday items.
        
        Got his inspiration from his experience of the dark times in Mexico
        
        His works of art usually contain a little hidden humor
        
        Raul De Nieves
        
        Born in 1983 in Michoacan, Mexico
        
        Currently lives and works in New York
        
        Attributes his art practice to his childhood in Mexico
        
        Makes faux stained glass windows and also beaded sculptures
        
        When he first came to the United States he was not able to see his family for 9 years
        
        Creates fashion pieces that are not practical to wear
        
        There are approximately 12 million Mexican immigrants in the United States today. Of those 12 million immigrants, a lot of them flow into Texas; more specifically El Paso, Texas. Since there is such a large Mexican population in El Paso, it has definitely had a large influence on the culture in the city. It has caused a "Tex-Mex" hybridity of both the caucasian and Mexican cultures. Most people in the city speak Spanish, and Mexican cuisine is huge there. There are also many Mexican cultural events that go on in the city as well. El Paso's culture is heavily influenced by both American and Mexican cultures because of its position as a "border town". It has caused both cultures to mix with each other and become hybrid.
        
        El Paso is so close to Mexico, that you can see the Mexican city of Juarez from El Paso.
        
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