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Course Mind Map (Chapter 22: Seed Plants Without Flowers (Gymnosperms…
Course Mind Map
Chapter 22: Seed Plants Without Flowers (Gymnosperms
Division of Cycadeoidophyta: Cycadeoids
Cones contain both microsporophylls and megasporophylls
all extinct
vegetative features
Concepts
Lignophytes
Monophyletic group of Woody Plants
Seeds are high in nutrients
Vascular Crytogams
temporarily dependent on a tiny gametophyte
spermatophytes
seed plants
gymnosperms
"Naked Ovules"
Angiosperms
Flowering plants with carpels
Manoxylic Wood
Soft, Spongy Parenchymatous wood
Pycnoxylic wood
Hard, strong wood
Division of Coniferophyta: Conifers
Leaves are perennial
persist for many years
50 Genera and 550 Species
Giant Redwoods of Cali
Reach 90m in height and 10m in diameter
DIVERSE!!
ie. Christmas Trees
Always simple needles and scales
Monopodial
One main trunk bearing many branches
PINES
Are more Complex
Have Pollen Cones and Seed Cones
Pollen Cones
simple cones with single unbranched axis
Compound Cones
consist of shoot with axillary bud
2 types of shoot
Long
Tiny Papery Leaves
Short
Long needle leaves
Division of Cycadophyta: Cyads
9-10 Genera and 100 Species
Pinately Round Leaves
Confused with palm trees and ferns
Stout trunks
do not bear ovules
few can withstand freezing temps
Division Gnetophyta
Common in desert regions
Mostly vines or small shrubs ...Zudzu?!
3 group of enigmatic plants
30 species
Broad leaves
Native Lands
SE Asia
Tropical Africa
Amazon Basin
Division of Pteridospermophyta: Seed Ferns
All extinct
were manoxylic
earliest seed fern appeared in Upper Devonian Period
Any Woody plant with Fern-like foliage
Division Ginkgophyta: Maidenhair Tree
Looks like Dicot Tree
Cones are not produces..ovules come in pairs
Has wood like conifers
Single Living Species
Very Unusual
Has short roots and long roots
Ancestors are not known
Division Progymnospermophyta: Progymnosperm
Evolution of Seeds
pollen chamber
microspores settle here
integument
layer of tissue
micropyle
permits sperm to swim to egg
Aneurophytales
Vascular cambium
shrubs
tall trees
secondary growth
Archaeopteridales
Trees 8.4 m tall
abundant wood
secondary phloem
Chapter 10: Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Energy Carriers
NADP+
NADH
FADH
carry electrons from one part to another
Light Dependent Reactions
Photosynthesis
convert light energy into chemical energy
Other Electron Carriers
cytochromes
contain a cofactor
plastoquinones
lipid soluble
plastocyanin
copper atom
Reduced
Rig-Reduced is gain-electron added
Oxidized
OIL-Oxidized is lost- electron removed
Chapter17: Population Genetics and Evolution
Evolution and Origin of Life
Before Life on Earth
Hot and Rocky
A second Atmosphere
Species today evolved from past
Conversion of one species into more/new species
chemosynthesis
A. Oparin 1924
Population Genetics
Gene Pool
Total # of alleles in all the sex cells of all individuals in a population
Crossing Over
genetic diversity population increase
abundance of particular allele increases, decreases, or remains the same.
Convergent Evolution
Change in Gene Pool
artificial selection
selective breeding
mutation
error during cell division
accidents
Severe drought
genetic Drift
Habitat Destruction
natural selection
the fittest
ECOLOGY
Darwin
Operates only on phenotypes of preexisting alleles
Speciation
Divergent Speciation
Biological Reproductive Barriers
Prevents Successful Gene Flow
Sympatric Speciation
Check ecology notes about this
Phyletic Speciation
pollen transfer
vegetative Propagation
seed dispersal
unrelated species
evolve to resemble
ie. Cacti and Euphorbias
Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
In angiosperms, involve flowers. Produce necessary cells and structures
Embryo and Seed Development
seed coat/testa
exalbuminous
hypocotyl
radicle
epicotyl
albuminous seed
Gametophytes
small and simple
surviving megaspore (megagametophyte)
The plant Lifecyle
More complex than animals
undergo mitosis
Develop new haploid plant cell
Sporophyte Phase/Sporophyte generation
sporophytes are always diploid
Flower Structure
Have 3 main parts
Style
elevates stigma to useful position
Stigma
catches pollen grains
Ovary
megaspores are produced here
inside ovary/placenta
ovules
nucellus
Carpels
gynoecium
located at highest level
pedicel
the flower stalk
receptacle
where flower parts attach
sepals and petals together form a perianth
above are petals
together form a corolla
above petals are stamen or "androecium"
2 parts
filaments
anthers
where pollen is produced
Fertilization
endosperm
coenocytic and cellular tissue
supplies nutrients
triploid endosperm nucleus contains three full sets of genes
establishes large endosperm nucleus
involves both plasmogamy and karyogamy
Fruit Development
ovaries mature into a fruit
3 layers
endocarp
tough like stones
mesocarp
middle fleshy layers
exocarp
outer layer
pericarp
entire fruit wall
Inflorences and Pollination
Visual signal to pollinators
produced within a single year
positioning is important
or over a period of many years
Flower Structure and Pollination
self pollination
polen from same flower
animal pollinated flowers
120 million years ago
effect on evolution of flowering plants
pollen grain reaching stigma improved
coevolution
flowers became adapted for visitation
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
chemical reaction
inhibited by compatibility barriers
prevent pollen growth
inbreeding is blocked
Cross Pollination
Pollination of a carpel
from different individuals
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
self fertilization
have stamens/carpels
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
monoecy
staminate Flowers
cattails
corn
clusters of fertilized carpellate flowers
lack essential organs
imperfect flowers
have both essential organs
perfect flower
nonessential organs
do not produce spores
Dioecious
carpellate flowers
marijuana
dates
willows
papaya
lifecycle
microgametophytes
megagametophytes
staminate sporophytes
carpellate sporophytes
Ovary Position
Superior Ovary
above flowering plants
Inferior Ovary
receptacle tissues grow upward
Half Inferior
partially buried ovaries
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
multiple fruit
mulberries
figs
pineapples
Classification of Fruit Types
dry
Dehiscent
open and release seeds
typically not eaten
fleshy
indehiscent
aniamls chew and digest
True Fruits
only Ovarian tissues
apples
Accessory Fruits
false fruits
strawberry
Aggregate Fruits
raspberries
Concepts
reproduction serves two purposes
Produce offspring that have identical copies of parental genes
Generate genetically different individuals
Genetically diverse survive better
ASEXUAL Reproduction
within angiosperms, numerous methods of asexual reproduction have evolved
fragmentation
broken parts form rots and become independent
most common
large spreading or vining plants grow to several meters in length
individuals become self sufficient
Chapter8: Structure of Woody Plants
Wood Cells
may contain
parenchyma
fibers
tracheids
vessel elements
sclereids
Cork
retains water
keeps out pathogens
impermeable
Growth Rings
diffuse porous
American holly
sugar maple
aspen
yellow birch
ring porous
red oak
saasafras
honey locust
Apical Meristems
Primary Tissues
Leaves
Vascular Bundles
Epidermis
Cortex
Pith
Secondary Tissues
Wood (Secondary Xylem)
Bark (Secondary Phloem and Cork)
Vascular Cambium
Produce secondary plant body
Examples of Woody Structures
trees
pines
sycamores
chestnuts
furs
Shrubs
azaleas
roses
orleanders
Chapter 16: Genetics
DNA Structure
Double Stranded DNA
2 spiral nucleic acid chains
more compact
chromatin
coiled structures
condenses into chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous Base
5C deoxyribose Sugar
a phosphate
Mutations
Almost always harmful
Caused by Mutagen
UV Light
X-Rays
Man-made chemicals
radiation
Somatic Mutations
Bark Formation
Root Hair Formation
in cells that never lead to sex cells
What is Genetics?
heredity in plants
science of inheritance
gene
chemical basis of genetic inheritance
occurs in multiple forms
genotypes
expression of alleles
DNA Repair Process
Various Mechanisms
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
Bulky , helix distorting damage
ex. UV Light
chemical reversal
can be "undone" by enzymes in the cell.
Double Stranded Break Repair
Environmental Factors
Replication of DNA
identical copies before cell division
new daughter cells
mitosis
meiosis
replicated during S Phase
doubles amount of DNA
Vital for cell growth
repair
and reproduction in organisms
Chapter 26: Community Ecology
Predator/Prey Interactions
Feeding/Handling Time
Prey-Dependent
Dependent on Prey Density
functional Response
Snow Shoe Hair and Lynx
Zero Growth isocline
Population stability
Community
group of Species that occur together
farming/building town
eventually lead to
habitat loss
habitat fragmentation
Climax Community
stability returns
Sequence of Changes
succession
Community Restoration
ex. introducing wolves into Yellowstone
Scale
Species abundance distribution
larger areas more diverse
species/area richness
species/area relationship
formula: S=cA^z
Diversity
Communities consists of more than one species
rainforest
has thousands
Salt Flats (few different species)
Latitude
tropical near the equator have benign environments
higher altitudes have severe condition
Chapter21: Vascular Plants without Seeds
Early Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes
equal dichotomous branching
equal in size and vigor
sporogenous tissue
naked stems
land plants
earliest fossils
Cooksonia
Zosterophyllophytes
enations-outgrowths
grow in swampy/marshy areas
small herbs
no secondary growth
all extinct
Concepts
Inter-population hypothesis
small sporophyte came into existence when a zygote germinated mitotically
Dibionic Lifestyles
multicellular sporophyte
extant plants, and fossil plants
multicellular gametophyte
monobionic
zygote only undergoes meiosis
algae
one multicellular generation
Transformation Theory
Both gametophyte and sporophyte become larger
Xylem Structures of Early Vascular Plants
2 types of xylem organization
endarch protostele
exarch protostele
occurs in the stems of ferns and seed plants
Megaphyll Line of Evolution: Euphyllophytes
Ferns
do not produce flowers, seeds, fruit, or wood
leptosporangiate Ferns
Origin of Megaphylls (Euphylls)
telomes
ultimate twigs, those of the last dichotomy
sporophyll
leaflike structure
Leaves that evolved from branch systems
Trimerophytes
overtopping
unequal branching - one stem more vigorous
pseudomonopodial branching
single main trunk
Monilophytes
two sister clades
lignophytes
monilophytes
Equisetophytes
Horse Tails
Scouring rushes
Vascular Cryptogram
have vascular tissue
ferns and fern allies
Chapter 5: Tissues and Primary Growth Stems
Parts of the flower
External organization of stems
Phyllotaxy
positioning of leaves
alternate
1 leaf per node
opposite2 leaves per node
decussate
located in 4 rows
whorled
3 or more leaves/node
spiral
not aligned with neighbor
distichous
2 rows only
Bud Scales
leaf axil
nodes
internodes
auxiliary Bud
young leaves
Terminal Bud
extreme tip of each stem
rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stems
allow plants to spread underground
ex.
Canna Lillies
Irises
Bamboo
tubers
horizontal
short growth period
ex. potatoes
Internal organization of stems
Vascular Tissues
xylem
waters
phloem
feeds
epidermis
layer of parenchyma cells
prevents water loss and protects
cambium
woody plants
secondary thickening
pith
most interior portion
cortex
outer most layer of the stem
Types of Cells and Tissues
schlerenchyma
strength
walls are elastic and lignified
dead at maturity
fibers
long
many are dead
parenchyma
most common type
most of the fruits we eat
alive at maturity
collenchyma
never occur in roots
celery
alive at maturity
Chapter25: Populations and Ecosystems
Population Structures
competitors
K Selection
Carrying Capacity
Demography
Geographic Distribution
uniform
allelochemicals
clumped
random
Age Distribution
generation time
r selection
selected species
organisms of a species that live closely-population
community
ecosystem
Relationships and Habitats
Biotic
The Plant itself
modifies habitat just by being in it
Mutualism
win/win
Competition
Disadvantageous
Abiotic
Disturbances
Radical change in ecosystem
ie
floods
snow avalanches
fires
landslides
Latitude and Altitude
no seasonal variation
Climate
have climate restrictions
tolerance rang
Soil Factors
A Horizon
litter and debris
Upper layer of soil
"zone of leaching"
B Horizon
"Zone of deposittion
Where materials of A Horizon accumulate
Rich in Nutrients
Contains Hummus and Clay
C Horizon
Parent Rock and Rock Fragments
Habitat
Set of Conditions in which organism completes life cycle
Ecosystem Structure
Physiognomic Structure
Physical Size and shape of organism
Life forms
Temporal
Short time span
Species Composition
of diversity of species that coecist
Tropic Level
looks like triangle
Secondary Consumer
carnivores
ie. Lion
Primary Consumer
Herbivores
elephant
Primary Producer
autotrophs
energy and nutrient supply
1st step of food web
Decomposer
detritus?
Chapter18: Classification and Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Binomial System Nomenclature
Has both genus and species epithet
Most fundamental level of classification
species
monophyletic
common ancestor
polyphyletic
evolved from different ancestors
Linnaeus
Kingdom/Division/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species/Common Name
Concepts
Systematics
system of names (nomenclature)
understand evolutionary line
Phylogenies
hereditary relationships of any group of organisms
evolutionary history of each member of group
Natural system of classification
closely related organisms are classified together
Other types of Classification systems
Artificial systems of classification
only used as adjunct to natural systems
ex. roadside floras, picture guides
easy plant identification
Cladistics
Natural selection favors mutations
homoplasies (analogous features
method of analyzing these phylogenetic evolutionary relationships
Synamorphies (homologous feature)
Chapter 20: Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Concepts
Vascular Cryptogams
*spermatophytes
have both vascular tissues and seeds
heterotrophic tissue
Nonvascular Plants
Have neither vascular tissues nor seeds
often called "bryophytes"
charophytes
green algae that began to adapt to living on land
Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
Resemble thalloid liverworts
small, inconspicuous thalloid plant
grow on moist soil
grow low to ground
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
no meiosis
differentiate into elaters
small plants
alternation of heteromorphic generations
resemble mosses
2 groups
leafy liverworts
resemble moss
thallose liverworts
show less resemblance to mosses
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
Reproduction
Development
spore germinates
protonema
branched system of cells
Morphology
water transport
rhizoids - trichome like structure- anchor to stem
hydroids- conduct water
leptoids- resemble sieve cells
ubiquitous
perennial
thrive in many cities
grow from an apical meristem
moss stems are always slender
have little tissue differentiation
Chapter 12: Transport Processes
Transport Processes
Long Distance
xylem
cohesive
by hydrogen bonding
adhesive
adhesion by hydrogen bonding
molecular pumps
pressure flow hypothesis
water and nutrients transported
sugar transported into sieves
diffuse into conducting cells
polymerized into polysaccharides
moved though phloem
phloem loaded by polymer trap
sites receive phloem sap
Short Distance
plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls
symplast.
mass of protoplasm
3 types of membranes
Selectively Permeable
only allow certain substances
have membrane bound molecules
Freely Permeable
allow solutes to pass through
Completely Impermeable
do not allow anything
ER and dictysome membranes
transport material that accumulate in vesicles
intracellular transport
vesicles migrate through cytoplasm
merge and transferred into organelle
How they cross membrane
diffusion
osmosis
high concentration to low concentration
Chapter 11: Energy Metabolism
:
Respiration
Heat-Generating
Produce AOX
exothermic process
skunk cabbage
Anaerobic
no o2
alcohol fermentation
Aerobic
using o2 to produce cellular energy
Photorespiration
in higher plants
take up o2 in light and give out some co2
Pentose Phophate Pathway
Generates NADPH
help build other molecules
Ribose 5-phosphate
make DNA and RNA
takes place of cytosol in the cell
Glucose Molecule
simple sugar
C6H12O6
made during photosynthesis
Growth and Division of Cell
LABWORK
Tree Keying
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