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Cold War (Reasons (Ideological Conflict
present before WWII (USA =…
Cold War
Reasons
Ideological Conflict
present before WWII (USA = democratic system of government since independence 1776 VS rus = Authoritarian system by romanov fam since 1613) → initially = tradition of non-interference
tensions = evident aft Russian Revolution 1917 → rus = communist, vision conflicted wif democratic + capitalist ideology of USA + w. euro ∴ concerned that communists = spread ideas to their countries (cause similar revolutions) → rus = threat to usa political + eco security & influence (∴ provide military + other aid to whites in rus civil war) → prevent communist victory = perceived by Lenin as attempts to ↓ survival of rus + communism (created communist international, comintern 1919 → create international soviet republic)
Democratic + Capitalist USA
create + sustain social, eco + cultural conditions = ensure political self determination → individual rights over areas (eg property, profits, freedom of expression) = protected; political system = country governed by >2 political parties → rep = elected by people (can choose among >2 parties to vote for); eco system → free market eco = individuals + companies = free to develop, own + control resources + capital (gov = only regulate market → ensure competition = free + fair)
threatened cuz → poor > rich, communism = appealing ideology for poor to be encouraged to mobilise as revolt
-communist countries = command economy → closed eco ≠ capitalism (relies on free trade → if communism ↑, ↑ eco = closed, ≠ profitable for free trade) → threat to world stability + prosperity ∴ do not want it to spread
Communist Russia
incite world revolution + destroy capitalism thru worldwide class struggle (create utopian world where all are equal + property & work = shared equally); politically → governed by 1 political party + political power = centralised in CP + leadership;eco system (command economy) → gov plan + allocate all aspects of the economy (distribute resources to individuals + companies based on what eco shd produce), all land + means of production (eg factories + tractors) = owned and provided by state
communists = form SU wif other smaller republics (eg. ukraine) 1922 → USA ≠ rec SU as a nation (until 1933) cuz of communist ideology SU also only allowed to join LON in 1934 (cuz yknow ger + jpn left, needed btr rep in LON)
WWII
Pre-WWII
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact → w. powers ≠ trust SU (was caught by surprise when ger invaded 1941)
WWII
SU = form alliance wif bri (ger rapidly invading) → prevent SU frm falling to ger (churchill also found it worthwhile to ally wif SU (take advantage of ↑ resources + manpower to fight ger)
Perceived delay in opening of second front
Red Army = ↑ pressure frm ger's continuous attacks → urged allies to open second front in france to relieve pressure (had been providing assistance to SU economically + militarily, + invaded italy 1943) BUT second front only opened in 1944 wif d-day landings (delayed till there was a acceptable likelihood of success) → stalin felt that allies did so to minimise losses + hoped that SU & would weaken and destroy each other
Conferences
Yalta Feb 1945
decide on matters regarding final strategies against ger + arrangement for post war euro → stalin = future + security of SU; Churchill = maintain close relations wif USA (knew that they ≠ great imperial power by end of war); Roosevelt = settlement that'll bring peace, security + freedom for all, + need SU help against jpn ( ∴ made many concessions to stain, but faced ↑ opp back home)
→clear that goals in euro = v diff
ger + berlin = 4 zones of occupation (weak ger that ≠ threat to SU by enforcing ↑ reparations to repair own eco VS revival of ger eco → impt euro recovery)
Countries liberated frm ger occupation = free elections to choose own govt. (poland free elections/self-determination VS poland under SU influence + control → traditional invasion route)
SU to help US in asia-pacific war against jpn in return for SU occupation of NK + manchu)
sphere of influence = revitalisation of euro eco (vial trading partner wif usa + strengthen democratic instituations in euro ≠ spread of communist influence VS build + secure own sphere of influence in e. euro → impt for security + eco reconstruction of SU
Potsdam Jul-Aug 1945
2/3 change in leadership (truman + clement attlee)
relations = ↓ ; poland ≠ free elections (stalin arrested non communist leaders + established new communist govt →churchill secretly ordered to invade rus to force stalin to honour agreements made →not carried out) ; at potsdam, truman also heard that atomic bomb = successfully tested → military upperhand ≠ SU help
ger = demilitarised + denazified
4 zones of occupation → anything that happens in ger = consensus by all 4 countries
Polish Govt = rec, free elections = held in poland as soon as possible, areas USSR attained frm nazi-soviet pact = returned(nvr realised) → USSR wanted poland = friendly → historical site for invasions (act as buffer)
w. powers = moral debt → delay in 2nd front = ↑ casualties
nego ∴ not as smooth compared to yalta → impt issues ≠ settled
extent of SU influence = undecided (red army still occupying e. euro countries wif pro-communist govts established) → brought out diffs in ideologies + goals → truman = ↑ anti-communist → stalin threatened → ↑ tension in cold war
-wartime alliance = breaking down, differing aims → suspicious of each other + some agreements ≠ fulfilled
Atomic Bomb
us nuclear monopoly (manhattan proj) ≠ tell SU until 1st successful test (jpn) → but was alr leaked to SU (∴ not surprised when us finally told him bout it (instead tried to rapidly catch up to us military prowess) → successfully detonate 1st atomic bomb in 1949 = start arms race
used on jpn mainly to end war quickly → avoid allied invasion of jpn (↑ casualties) + hoped it would give us political leverage over SU in post-war nego
Post WWII Europe
devastation of euro + rise of superpowers
WWII → euro = chaos + destruction + famine → ↑ deaths in continent (↑infrastructure, eg houses, factories, harbours = rubble); political borders = redrawn ∴ ↑ population movements
→ euro agricultural + industrail output = 1/2 pre-war lv
it also did not possess the funds to rebuild shattered economies, infrastructure + lives of people
gov. + empires = crumbled eg totalitarian regimes of nazi ger/ facist ita) allies → ↑ damage to phy landscapes, eco + influence ≠ major post-war decision makers
shattered eco + power vacuum = euro ≠ able to rebuild itself w/o ext. help → gave usa + su opp to compete for dom role in reconstructing euro + ↑ political & eco influence (usa emerged frm war virtually unscathed + had powerful eco & military; su = est. sphere of influence by end of war) ∴ both in position as superpowers → shape post war euro (became founding members of UN 1945)
end of wartime alliance + competition for influence btwn superpowers
removal of ger/axis powers = no need for usa & su to remain allies → each sought to strengthen its own political + eco influence in euro
US eco + security needs (desire to support post war eco reconstruction + political self determination of euro) VS security needs + ideological beliefs of SU
us feared that su = stir up communist movements + set up communist govt in euro → usa lose its sphere of influence + trading markets + may hav to conduct relations wif continent that opposed political & economic ideals
while su refused to allow capitalist euro surround it → threaten its security + survival
actions taken while competing for influence in euro = led to misinterpretations of intentions in euro → ↑ tensions + distrust
establishment of SU satellite states in e. euro
a ring around SU (thru salami tactics) → defensive measure to strengthen security of SU + sphere of influence BUT w. powers saw it as su pursuing aggressive plan → expand global communist influence (≠ defensive)
Containment Policy
≠ let communism beyond its current point
Kennan's long telegram
main points = SU saw outside world as hostile (prev. hist experiences of being invaded)
∴ sphere of influence in e. euro → seen as aggressive (wanting to spread influence + dominance)
∴ us = actively involved in euro (adopt tougher global strategy to deal wif SU) → need not involve war, but a long term, patient but firm & vigilant containment of SU expansionist tendencies
influenced USA foreign policy
(frm isolationism → containment)
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