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Nonvascular Plants (Characters of Nonvascular Plants (Many have stomata,…

- - - - gametophores: leafy stems of moss plants
        
        grow close together, tightly appressed and forming dense mounds
        
        Grow from apical meristems
    - - Conducted along exterior of moss stems by capillary action
      - Hydroids
        
        cells of innermost cortex
      - Leptoids
        
        cells that resemble sieve cells
      - Rhizoids
        
        small, multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
    - - gametophore begins when a spore germinates and sends out a long, slender chlorophyllous cells
        
        Then undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system of similar cells
        
        this network= protonema
    - - Antheridia
        
        microgametangia
        
        short stalk
        
        outermost layer of sterile cells
        
        inner mass of cells that differentiate into sperm cells
        
        produce sperm
      - Archegonia
        
        megagametangia
        
        case shaped w/ long neck
        
        hollow neck @ maturity
        
        single egg located @ base
        
        Produce eggs
  - - - developed from archegonium
    - - Simple apical sporangium
    - - Narrow stalk bt foot & sporangium
        
        all moss sporophytes have this
    - - caplike lid
        
        Separates from the rest of the sporangium as cells are torn apart
    - - exquisitely complex teeth
        
        resulted from elaborate and precise cell breakage
      - respond to humidity
        
        Bending outward and opening the sporangium when the air is dry
        
        bending inward and trapping the spores when the air is humid
    - - layer of cells derived from the neck of the archegonium
- - - - might also grow outward irregularly, forming a disk
    - - cells grow into it and become antheridia
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        Greatly resembles that of a moss
        
        thin leaves on a slender stem
      - thallose liverworts
        
        Less like moss
        
        Not leafy at all
        
        flat and ribbon like
        
        heart shaped and bilaterally symmetrical
        
        Thallus
        
        body without roots, stems, and leaves
  - - - Foot
      - seta
      - calyptra
- - - - Nonvascular plants
      - Bryophytes
    - - spermatophytes
    - - Vascular cryptogams