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Classification and Systematics (Levels of Taxonomic Categories taxonomic…
Classification and Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Species: most fundamental level
Lycopersicon esculentum
Esculentum = species epiphet
The word that distinguishes this species only from the other species of the genus
lycopersicon
Genera: Closely related species grouped together
Singular: Genus
Difficult to categorize
All have common ancestors
Monophyletic: natural
Unnatural: polyphyletic
members evolve from different ancestors
May resemble each other as result of convergent evolution
Family (aceae) : level above genus
Composed of one or several genera
Levels above family
Order
Class
Division
Kingdom
Taxon
General way of referring to these groups
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Aracaceae
Paceae
Brassicaceae
Apiaceae
Cladistics
Method of analyzing these phylogenetic, evolutionary relationships
Synapomorphies (homologous features)
Features similar to each other because they have descended from a common ancestral feature
Homoplasies (analogous features)
Features that resemble each other; related by descent from common ancestral genes
Understanding Cladograms
Cladogram: diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of a series of branches
Node: each point at which a cladogram branches
Clade: Any node and all of the branches that lead from it
Cladograms & Taxonomic Categories
Only unit w/ objective definition = species
Informal Names
Basal Angiosperms
Eudicots
Other types of Classification Systems
Artificial Classification System
several key characters are chosen as the basis of classification
Typically have goal of easy plant identification w/ obvious characters
Classification Systems for Fossils
Combines features of both artificial and natural systems
Goal is to understand evolution of fossil and identify relatives and ancestors
Form genera: all fossils w/ the same basic form/structure are classified together
Taxonomic Studies
No species is exactly alike another
Research is to look for
New Plants
New info about existing plants
Isotypes
way of avoiding recurrence of disaster by spreading to many herbaria around the world
Type specimen
single preserved plant that truly carries the name
The Major Lines of Evolution
1st major event was start of life
About 3.5 billion years ago
2nd event: conversion of prokaryotes to eukaryotes
Grade Classification
Old classification of protista
Kingdom Protista: Organism similar to that of early eukaryotes
Kingdom Plantae:
From these, the major evolutionary lines that diverged
simple plants w/ neither seeds nor vascular tissues
Plants that do not produce seeds but do have xylem and phloem
seed-bearing vascular plants
