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Chapter 9 - Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Embryo and Seed…
Chapter 9 - Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Within angiosperms, numerous methods of asexual reproduction have evolved.
Fragmentation
most common
large spreading or vining plants grows to several meters in length
individual parts becomes self sufficient
broken parts form roots and become independent
How cool!
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
More complex than animals
Sporophyte Phase/Sporophyte generation
sporophytes are always diploid
Undergo Mitosis
Develop new haploid plant cell
Flower Structure
Stem with leaf-like structure
pedicel
the flower stalk
receptacle
where the flower parts attach
Sepals and Petals together form perianth
above are petals
together form the corolla
above petals are stamens or "androecium"
referred as the male part
2 parts
filaments
anthers
where pollen is produced
Carpels
gynoecium
located at the highest level
Have three main parts
Stigma
catches pollen grains
Style
elevates the stigma to a useful position
Ovary
megaspores are produced here
inside ovary/placenta
ovules
nucellus
Sepals
lowest and outermost of the floral appendages
all sepals together are known as the calyx
Gametophytes
very small and simple
surviving megaspore (megagametaphyte)
Fertilization
establishes large endosperm nucleus
involves both plasmogamy and karyogamy
triploid endosperm nucleus containing three full sets of genes
endosperm
coenocytic and cellular tissue
supplies nutrients
Embryo and Seed Development
radicle
embryonic root
epicotyl
embryonic system
hypocotyl
root/shoot junction
albuminous seed
abundant mature seed
exalbuminous
sparse/absent maturity
seed coat/testa
integuments that surround the nucellus
Fruit Development
ovaries mature into a fruit
3 layers
exocarp
outer layer
mesocarp
middle layer/flesh
endocarp
tough like stones
pericarp
entire fruit wall
In angiosperms, involve flowers. Produce necessary cells and structures.
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
Cross Pollination
pollination of a carpel
from different individuals
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
self fertilization
have stamens/carpels
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
chemical reactions
prevent pollen growth
inbreeding is blocked
inhibited by compatibility barriers
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
lack essential organs
imperfect flowers
have both essentials organs
perfect flower
nonessential organs
do not produce spores
Dioecious
carpellate flowers
marijuana
dates
willows
papaya
lifecycle
1.micrgametophytes
2.megagametophytes
3.staminate sporophytes
4.carpellate sporophytes
monoecy
staminate flowers
cattails
corn
ears
clusters of fertilized carpellate flowers
Animal-Polinated Flowers
effect on evolution of flowering plants
pollen grain reaching stigma improved
120 million years ago
coevolution
flowers become adapted for visitation
Ovary Position
inferior ovary
receptacle tissues grow upward
half-inferior
partially buried ovaries
superior ovary
above other flowering parts
self pollination
pollen from same flower
Inflorescences and Pollination
positioning is important
produced within a single year
or over a period of many years
visual signal to pollinators
Concepts
Reproduction serves two purposes
Produce Offspring that have identical copies of parental genes
generate genetically different individuals
genetically diverse species survive better
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
multiple fruit
pineapple
mulberries
figs
aggregate fruit
raspberries
Classification of Fruit Types
fleshy
indehiscent
animals chew/digest
dry
not typically eaten
Dehiscent
open and release seeds
Accessory Fruits
false fruit
strawberry
True Fruits
only ovarian tissues
apple
