Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Thinking and Intelligence (What are the Components of Thought? (Concepts…
Thinking and Intelligence
What are the Components of Thought?
Concepts
Natural
Artificial
Concept Hierarchies
Different cultures
Imagery and Cognitive Maps
Thoughts and the brain
Intuition
Schemas and Scripts
What abilities do good thinkers possess?
Identifying a problem
Selecting a Strategy
Algorithms
Heuristics
Searching for analogies
Breaking a big problem into smaller problems
Working backwards
Obstacles to problem solving
Functional Fixedness
Self-imposed limitations
Mental set
Others eg.Lack of knowledge, low self-esteem, fatigue, arousal and stress, lack of interest, drugs
Judging and Making Decisions
Hindsight Bias
Anchoring Bias
Confirmation Bias
Representativeness bias
Availability Bias
Tyranny of Choice
How is Intelligence measured?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Criticisms
didn't measure multiple intelligence abilities at all age levels
when becoming adults, they develop mentally in diff directions which IQ scores do not reflect
measured diff mental abilities at diff ages
Calculate IQ using Normal Distribution Curve
IQ =(Mental age/Chronological age) x 100
Binet-Simon Test
Features
want to pinpoint areas of performance where special education could help children who need help
Constructed the test empirically
objective=identify children who need special help
Interpreted scores on test as estimate of performance, not a measure of innate intelligence
How are results determined?
test children of various ages-->compute average score for children at each age
then, compare each child's performance to the average
Mental age = average age at which child achieves a certain score
if Mental Age is 2 years behind Chronological age = need help
Exceptional Children
Mental Retardation
How to deal with it
ongoing research on genetic treatment involving splicing
provide enriched environment, early intervention, sensory stimulation & social interaction
Special education programs, teach vocational & independent living skills
Behaviour modification programs
Causes
Genetic (eg. Down syndrome)
environnmental (eg. Fetal alcohol syndrome)
Giftedness
Terman's studies of Giftedness
How to deal with it
Avoid making the child feel different
Parents should just do nothing special, treat normally
Theories of Intelligence
Cognitive theories of intelligence
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence (see new relationships among concepts)
Practical Intelligence (aka street-smart)
Wisdom
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Musical Intelligence
Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence
Naturalistic Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
Logical-mathematical Intelligence
Linguistic Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Cattell
Crystallized Intelligence
knowledge a person acquired + ability to access this knowledge
Fluid Intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Spearman's
g
factor
there is a general factor underlying all intelligent mental activity
Self-fulfilling prophecy (case study)
Teachers' Expectations influence Student Performance (pg 249)
Stereotype Threat (pg 256)
How to be a creative genius
Personality traits
Preference for complexity
Intense interest in a problem
Willingness to restructure the problem
Need for stimulating interaction
Independence
Aptitudes (largely innate potentialities)