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Central Processing Unit (CPU) (How the CPU made (Quartz Sand (silicon…
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
How CPU works
Machine cycle
Decode
decoding the instruction into commands the computer understands
Fetch
fetching the instruction or data item from memory
Execute
executing the commands
Store
storing or writing the result to memory
ALU
Comparison operations
-comparing data items
Logical operations
-working with conditions and logical operators
Arithmetic operations
-performing calculations
Processor organization
Control unit (CU)
control the movement of data adn instructions into and out of the processor and control the operation of the ALU
Register
act as a minimal internal memory to store instructions,data and the locations of the insturctions temporarily
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Do the actual computation (calculaton)
Tasks that the processor must perform
Fetch data
the exucution of an instruction may require reading data from memory or an I/O module.
Write data
require writing data to memory or I/O module
Interpret instruction
the instruction is decoded to determine what action is required.
Process data
require performing some arithmetic of logical operation on data
Fetch instruction
the processor reads an instruction from memory (register,cache,main memory
Pipelining
The computer pipeline is divided in stage
Each stage completes a part of an instruction in parallel.
The stages are connected one to the next to form a pipe - instructions enter at one end, progress through the stages, and exit at the other end.
Pipelining can execute more instructions in a shorter period of time.
In a non-pipelined CPU, instructions are performed “one at a time” which means before an instruction is begun, the preceding instruction is completed.
Components of a CPU
CPU interconnection
Provides for cummunication among the component of CPU
Register
Provide storage internal
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Perform the computer's data processing functions
Control Unit
Control the operation of CPU and computer
How the CPU made
Quartz Sand (silicon wafers)
a huge monocrystal is drawn from purified silicon melt
perfect silicon lattice into which the transistors later will be fitted .
The first stage in making a CPU is to make the wafers that they are built on. This process begins with the melting of polysilicon, together with minute amounts of electrically active elements such as arsenic, boron, phosphorous or antimony in a quartz crucible (a container that won't melt at high temperatures).
3.Light
UV Light
the disk is covered with photosensitive resist
Fire
dopant atoms is inject into the silicon structures
the doping atoms becomes flexible & and take on fixed positon
Water
cleaning is essential for wafers as particles lurk at every stage in the manufacturing process.
a barrier layer is applied it helps to avoid short circuits and guarantees reliability
then it filled with copper
to insulates each interconnect from the others
Dust
wear suitable attire b4 entering the lab
dust free
CPUs are made mostly of an element called silicon. Silicon is rather common in earths crust and is a semiconductor. This means that depending on what materials you add to it, it can conduct when a voltage is applied to it. It is the 'switch that makes a CPU work. Modern CPUs literally contain millions transistors.
Once the melt has reached the desired temperature, we lower a silicon seed crystal, or "seed" into the melt. The melt is slowly cooled to the required temperature, and crystal growth begins around the seed. As the growth continues, the seed is slowly extracted or "pulled" from the melt. As the the ingot is pulled it is slowly rotated..
The temperature of the melt and the speed of extraction govern the diameter of the ingot, and the concentration of an electrically active element in the melt governs the electrical properties of the silicon wafers to be made from the ingot. This is a complex, proprietary process requiring many control features on the crystal-growing equipment. The crystals naturally tend to a circular shape due to the crystal structure itself, and the surface tension on the liquid.
The wafer full of chips is made each chip is tested while stll on the wafer. If a bad one is found it is marked so that it is not used. Most bad chips tend to be areound the edge of the wafer. The best chips are in the center and are sometimes selected for extended temperature testing for military or industrial use.
History of Intel Processors
Vaccum tubes
-not reliable
-generated alot of heat
Could only solve one problem at a time
Transistors
-smaller
-Draw less power
-moved from machine language to assembly language
Intel
8080
-The world's first general-purpose microprocessor
This was an 8-bit machine and with an 8-bit data path to
memory,The 8080 was used in the first personal computer,Altair.
8086
A far more powerful, 16-bit machine.
A wider data path and larger registers
The first appearance of the x86 architecture
80826
-This extension of the 8086 enabled adressing 16-Mbyte memory instead of just 1-Mbyte
80386
-Intel's first 32-bit machine and a major overhaul of the product.
-rivaled the complexity and power of minicomputer and
mainframes introduced just a few years earlier.
-first Intel processor to support multitasking,meaning it could run multiple program at the same time
80486
-more sophisticated and powerful cache technology and sophisticated instruction pipelining.
-offered a built-in math coprocessor,offloading complex math operation from the min CPU
Pentium I
Released in 1993 as the successor to the 486
First chip from the fifth generation of microprocessors
Designed for personal computers
32-bit processor
uses a 64-bit internal bus compared to 32-bits in its 486 predecessor
Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing instructions
Pentium Pro
Released in 1995
32 bit processor
designed for PC severs and workstation that needed to serves multiple users or needed the speed required for graphics-intensive application
another microchip is included containing cache memory which is closer to the processor than the computer main memory(RAM) and this speed up computer operation
contains 5.5 millions transistors
Pentium II
Released in 1997
32-bit processor
A Pentium Pro with Intel's MMX technology
Suitable for applications that include motion video and 3-D images
Has LI and L2 cache memory
Has a 14-stage data pipeline for execut
Pentium III
Released in 1999
32-bit processor
Featured Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instruction set, which allowed SSE-enabled applications to process up to four single-precision floating point numbers at once
A unique processing serial number (PSN) is embedded in the chip. The number serves as an identifier for the processor.
Has a 10-stage data pipeline for executing instructions
Pentium IV
Released in 2000
32-bit processor
Enables to work with applications that require a lot of processing
Has a 20-stage data pipeline for executing instructions
Available in the following editions:
Hyper-Threading (HT)
HT Extreme
Inntel Centrino Mobile Technology
Released in 2003
Featured SSE instruction set
SSE or Streaming SIMD Extensions
An extension to the x86 architecture, contains 70 new instructions
Greatly increase performance when exactly the same operations are to be performed on multiple data objects.
Designed specifically for mobile computing with built-in wireless LAN capability
The components that constitute this technology are:
Intel Pentium M Processor
Intel 855 chipset family
Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection
Intel Pentium M
32-bit processor
Introduced as a part of Intel Centrino technology in 2003
Small in size
Consumes less energy and prolong the battery life
Used in
Laptops
Notebook computers
Intel Celeron
Based on Intel Pentium
32-bit / 64 bit processor
Cheaper and economical because certain high-end processor features disabled
Slower than similar Pentiums due to smaller size of L2 cache
Used for running applications that does not require a lot of processing.
Intel Xeon
32-bit / 64 bit processor
Heavy-duty microprocessors
Used to power servers and high-end workstations on a network
Supports multiprocessors
Intel Itanium
supports a 64-bit processor bus and a set of 28 registers
includes a Level 3 (L3) cache memory
Used to power network servers and workstations
Can execute three instructions at a time
Is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) based microprocessor and has limited instructions built into the microprocessor
AMD
Created in the year 1969
Developed
Duron - budget desktop processors
Athlon - high-performance desktop processors
Uses Socket A to connect the AMD microprocessor to the motherboard
(NAME AND ID)
Luigi Luke Lazaroo ( L )
1181100258
Lim Kah Chuan
1181100675
Leong Hang
1181100409
Tan Kah Wai
1181100863
Supported an instruction cache, or queue, that pre fetches a few instructions before they are executed.
