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Botany Summer 2018 (Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Types of Respiration,…

- - - - Electron Acceptors: Pyruvate, Acetaldehyde, or Oxygen
      - advantage: can survive flooding and lack of oxygen
      - Aka Gluconeogensis or Glycolysis
      - Occurs in plants in mud covered in water
    - - Creates NADPH
      - Can synthesize larges amounts of DNA during S phase
      - makes 4 carbon and 5 carbon sugars that are essential monomers
    - - During Germination these plants undergo catabolic metabolism
      - Lipids are stored in oily and dormant meristems
    - - During all the steps energy is lost in the form of Heat.
        
        Voodoo Lily ( sauromatum Guttatum) benefits from heat loss. Uses it to burn chemicals to attract pollination.
      - 1.Glycolysis- Creates NAD+ and ATP
      - Citric Acid Cycle: Doesn't use Pyruvate, Carbon Dioxide and NaDH are used to make more ATP
      - Electron Transport chain: Flow of electrons used to make more ATP
  - - - 1% to 2% to maintain respiration
      - Plants like Rice (Oryza Sativa) can grow without Oxygen
    - - Below 5 degrees and above 40 degrees celsius respiration will be impaired
      - normally between 5 and 25 degrees celsius
    - - Glands that secrete protein or epidermal cells that secrete waxes have high respiration rates
      - Spongy Mesophyll have low respiration rates
      - Fruit maturation respiration remains steady until a sudden burst before bloom
  - - - Fermented starch Ex. Wheat, corn, rice, Barley( Most common)
    - - Fermented Rice, cooked to soften and fungus is added
    - - Fermented fruits
        
        Red wine has skin mixed in, adds color and aroma
        
        White wine uses grapes with skin removed
    - - Ethanol alcohol above %20
- - - - Energy comes from sun through photosynthesis
      - Photophosphorylation - Sun - Chloroplast
      - Substrate Level Phosphorylation- No Oxygen- Cytosol
      - Oxidative Level Phosphorylation- With Oxygen- Mitochondria
    - - Oxidation
        
        Increase positive charge of atom
      - Reduction
        
        Reduce positive charge of atom
      - Other Electron Carriers
        
        Plastoquiones
        
        Plastcyanin
        
        protein, binds to copper
        
        Cytochromes
        
        Protein, binds to Heme
    - - Carbon Dioxide + Water= Carbohydrate
        
        Both reactants are cheap, stable, and non toxic
      - Light Dependent Reactions
        
        Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
      - Nature of Pigments
        
        Action Spectrum
        
        Rates what is most effective at powering photochemical processes
        
        Chlorophyll A
        
        Absorbs some red and some blue
        
        Pigment: Anything that absorbs color and reflects light
        
        Absorption Spectrum
        
        Wavelength that is absorbed
    - - Photosystem I
        
        Absorbs red light
        
        Transfer of Electrons
        
        AKA P700
        
        NAPD+ converted to NADPH
      - Photosystem II
        
        Plastocyanin donates electron to Chlorophyll
        
        Electron passed among Chlorophyll A until it reaches NADP+
    - - Light indirectly creates ATP
      - ATP Synthetase: Creates ATP from ADP and Phosphate
      - Grana- Set of Thylakoids
      - Stroma Reactions
        
        Turns Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrates
        
        Called Calvin/ Carbon Cycle
      - Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
    - - Water
        
        Amount of water ex: Desert versus rainforrest
      - Light
        
        Quanity
        
        Intensity/ Brightness
        
        Duration
        
        Hours of the day available
        
        Quality
        
        Color/Wavelnght
      - C4 Metabolism
        
        Water lost for each Carbon Dioxide lost
      - Leaf Structure
        
        Certain shapes reduce water loss
- - - - Parenchyma Cells
        
        Make up leaves, seeds, fruits, and petals
        
        Chlorenchyma- Cells that are involved in Photosynthesis
        
        cells with primary walls that are thin
        
        Glandular Cells- Secrete nectar, resin,oil and fragrances
      - Collenchyma Cells
        
        Thin primary walls with some parts thick
      - Sclerenchyma Cells
        
        Primary wall and thick secondary wall
        
        Provide Elastic support in mature cells
        
        Fibers: Long, add strength and flexibility
        
        Sclereids: Brittle, Inflexible
    - - Axillary Bud: Mini Shoot
      - Bud Scales: Waxy and corky modified leaves
      - Leaf Axil: Stem above where leave attaches
      - Terminal Buds: Extreme tip of stem
      - Internodes: Region between Nodes
      - Phyllotaxy: Arrangement of leaves
      - Nodes: Where leave attach
    - - Epidermis - Outermost single layer of Parenchyma cells
        
        Trichomes- Hair cells
      - Cortex- Interior to Epidermis
        
        Can be simple or Complex depending on the plant
        
        Most contain Photosynthetic material
      - Vascular Tissue- Used for diffusion
        
        Phloem: Conducts water and minerals
        
        Sieve cells- elongated, spindle fibers
        
        sieve tube members-sieve cells stacked
        
        Xylem: Distributes sugar and minerals
        
        Tracheids- Pass water along
        
        Vessel elements
        
        Circular bordered pit -strongest, extra wall around pit
        
        Scalariform Thickening- Provides strength
        
        Reticulate Thickening- secondary wall shaped like a net
        
        Helical Thickening- Secondary Wall
        
        Annular Thickening- Large surface area for water
      - Vascular bundles
        
        Phloem and xylem combined
        
        collateral-contain phloem and xylem running parallel
    - - New cells created at tips known as apical meristem
    - - Primary Tissue- Produced by apical meristems
      - Primary Growth- Growth and tissue formation as result of apical meristem activity
      - Ground Meristem- young pith and cortex cells
      - Pro vascular tissue- young pro vascular tissues
      - Protoderm- Epidermal cells in early stage
- - - - Motor Cells
        
        Accumulates and expels potassium which adjust water potential
      - Guard Cells: Surround Stomata
        
        Control entering and leaving of water and potassium
      - All living cells connected by plasmodesmata
      - Few cell diameter length to transport
      - Transfer Cells
        
        Cells with smooth wall and numerous hair and ridge like outgrowths
    - - Sources
        
        Mass Transfer
        
        Suger and nutrients transported by phloem per hour
        
        Plants control direction and rate of sap movement
        
        Places Nutrients are transported from
        
        Winter sources: Bark, Tubers
        
        Summer Sources: Leaves
      - Transport between cells not close together
      - Pressure Flow Hypothesis
        
        Active Transport plus molecular pumps
      - Sinks
        
        Receive transported phloem sap
    - - Hydrogen bonding + Cohesion allow water to move up water column
      - Transcuticular transpiration
        
        Loss of water through hairs ect.
      - Transtomatal Transpiration
        
        Losing Water through stomata
        
        Any water transpiration makes water potential negative
      - Water Properties
        
        Cohesive, adhesive, Heavy
      - Water Column
        
        Cavitation
        
        Breaking of water column
        
        Embolism
        
        air bubble in water column
    - - Active Transport: process of using energy to get molecules over membrane
      - Osmosis: diffusion through membrane
      - Diffusion: Random movement of particles high to low concentration
      - Membrane Types
        
        Completely Impermeable: Allows nothing through membrane
        
        Selectively Permeable: Only certain substances allowed through
        
        Freely Permeable: allows all solutes through
      - Membrane "Add ons"
        
        Molecular pump: uses ATP to get molecules over membrane
        
        Aquaporins: water channels
- - - - Cells between Metaxylum and Metaphloem
      - Initiation of Vascular Cambium
        
        Cells develop to become secondary Xylem and Phleom
        
        Produces Secondary plant body
      - Arrangement of Cambium Cells
        
        Fusiform Initials
        
        Regular Horizontal rows
        
        Long tapered Cells
        
        Thin primary wall present
        
        Rays initials
        
        Short, more cuboidal cells
        
        Shortt, vertical rows
        
        Create Storage Parenchyma
      - In wood plants never mature they continue to divide
    - - Desert Trees
        
        Abundant Xylem Parenchyma
        
        Little water reserve
        
        Waxy Leaves assist in water retention
      - Axial System
        
        Fibers for strength and flexibility
        
        Vessel elements that carry water
        
        Hardwoods
        
        Wood of basal angiosperms
        
        Fibers present
        
        Softwoods
        
        Woods from Conifers (Pines, Redwoods,etc)
        
        No fibers
        
        Normally harder than Hardwoods
      - Radial System
        
        Simple, contains only Parenchyma
        
        Ray Parenchyma
        
        Stores carbohydrates and the nutrients
        
        Upright Cells
        
        Procumbent Cells
    - - Late Wood
        
        Less transpiration
      - Early Wood
        
        High proportions of wide vessels
      - Annual Rings
        
        Early + Late wood, One a year
    - - Tissue outside innermost cork cambium
      - Oxygen Diffusion
        
        Intercellular space creates diffusion pathway for Oxygen
      - Initiation of cork cambia
        
        Can be initiated before twig or root is one
        
        can be delayed if plant is depended on cortex chlorenchyma for photosynthesis
        
        Ex: Cactus
    - - Contain ray and fusiform initials
      - Roots don't store water, Stems do
      - Anomalous Secondary Growth
        
        Roots of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas)
        
        Increased Parenchyma
        
        Numerous vascular cambia
    - - Palm Trees
        
        Trunk doesn't taper
        
        No true wood
        
        No vascular cambia or secondary phleom
- - - - Asexual: Each offspring is identicle
      - Genotype: Type of alleles
      - Phenotype: Expression of alleles
      - Allele: Arise by mutations, New sequence
      - Sexual: Combo of Alleles, Make species better adapted
    - - DNA Synthesizing enzyme = DNA polymerase
      - Steps of replication
        
        4th: Free nucleotides come in and bind primer RNA
        
        1st: Chromatin becomes less compact
        
        3rd: Two strands of DNA separate creating Replicon
        
        2nd: Strand of DNA helix is cut
      - replicated during S phase, doubles amount of DNA
      - Semi Conservative Replication
        
        Double helix contains one new and one old molecule
      - Replication Fork: Location where DNA uncoils
    - - Insertion: Addition of a base
      - Effects of Mutations
        
        If occurs in spacer DNA, Can have no effect
        
        Somatic Mutations
        
        Mutations in cells that don't lead to sex cells, will never be passed to offspring
      - Deletion: Losing a piece of DNA
      - Point Mutation: single base converted to another
      - DNA repair process
        
        Repair rate must not be too efficient or too ineffective
        
        If no mutations ever arisen, all people would be the same
      - Deletion: Loss of a base
    - - Monohybrid Crosses
        
        Models sexual reproduction
        
        Incomplete dominance
        
        When neither trait dominates the other
        
        Punnet Square/ Gregor Mendel 1:2:1 ration
      - Test Crosses
        
        involves plant in question and homozygous recessive plant
        
        Complete Dominance
        
        difficult to know genotype unless plant shows recessive trait
        
        Pure Bred Lines
        
        Homozygous recessive
        
        Special line, being sleeved and kept pure
      - Dihybrid Crosses
        
        two genes studied simultaneously
        
        Independent assortment
        
        On different chromosomes, the allele for one gene moves independently of alleles of other gene
        
        3:1 phenotypic ratio
        
        Crossing over
        
        two genes far apart on same chromosome can cross during prophase 1
        
        Epistasis: Multiple genes for one trait
      - Maternal inheritance
      - Lethal Alleles
        
        Phenotypic results are lethal
        
        can be difficult to detect
- - - - Deals with abundance of alleles within population
      - allele number can increase, decrease, or remain constant
      - Gene Pool
        
        Total number of alleles in sex cells
        
        no affected by sexual reproduction
        
        Factors that change Gene Pool
        
        Accidents
        
        Events in which organisms can't adapt
        
        Examples: Volcanic eruption, meteorite strikes earth, droughts
        
        Artificial Selection
        
        Humans purposely change gene pool
        
        used to alter plant size and color
        
        Mutations
        
        existing alleles decrease in frequency
        
        New alleles increase in frequency
        
        Natural Selection
        
        most significant factor that causes Gene pool changes
        
        2 conditions
        
        The progeny must differ in type of alleles
        
        population produces more offspring than habitat is fit for
        
        Certain traits give organism a "One up"
      - Factors not apart of natural selection
        
        Intention
        
        planning
        
        Purpose
        
        voluntary decision making
    - - Phyletic Speciation
        
        Examples: Pollen transfer, seed dispersal, vegetative propagation
        
        Movement of Alleles = Gene Flow
      - Mutations rarely cause large phenotypic change
      - Most species are well adapted to environment
      - Evolutionary changes involving loss of strutter or metabolism can happen quickly
      - Divergent Speciation
        
        2 populations exchange genes
        
        Abological reproductive barrier
        
        Non living, physical barrier
        
        Allopatric
        
        Original species divides into 2 or more populations
        
        Biological reproductive barrier
        
        any biological phenomenon that prevents gene flow
      - Convergent Evolution
        
        2 species evolve to be similar
        
        Chemosynthesis
        
        hypothesis of how the world began
        
        uses chemical and physical properties
        
        4 conditions:
        
        appropriate energy sources
        
        intense UV
        
        Electricity
        
        Heat
        
        Volcanos
        
        absence of O2
        
        evolution of Aerobic respiration
        
        Allows world to rust
        
        Great deal of time
        
        right inorganic molecules
    - - most of original atmosphere lost to space
      - 2nd atmosphere
        
        produced by release of gas from rock matrix
- - - - Habitat
        
        Set or conditions where organism completes lifecycle
      - Environment Factors
        
        Biotic Factors
        
        Plant (itself)
        
        ex: large trees can shade floor, making it hard for other plants to grow
        
        Other species
        
        competition
        
        competes for resources
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        Any species that is less adaptive will be excluded
        
        Mutualism
        
        Beneficial for both organisms
        
        Organisms other than plants
        
        Predation
        
        one species benefits, the other is harmed
        
        commensalism
        
        one species benefits, the other is unaffected
        
        Abiotic Factors
        
        numerous metabolic pathways respond to abiotic factors
        
        Latitude
        
        amount of light varies
        
        Soil
        
        C horizon: Parent rock, fragments
        
        B horizon: Zone of deposition
        
        A horizon: uppermost level, little and debris
        
        Pioneer species: First to invade new soil
        
        Climate
        
        Extreme temperatures more important than averages
        
        consist of temp, rainfall, humidity, and wind
        
        Restricts species to certain regions
        
        Non living
        
        Disturbances
        
        affects mostly Biotic features
        
        many plants have adapted to fire
        
        fires,landslides,snow,floods
    - - Geographic Distribution
        
        Local distribution
        
        Uniformed Distribution
        
        Age distribution
        
        portion of young, middle aged, and old species
        
        Clumped Distribution
        
        spacing between plants is small or large
        
        Random Distribution
        
        no pattern to position of individuals
        
        Limiting Factor
        
        Biotic factors, soil factors
        
        one factor that affects health of the plant
      - Population Growth
        
        generation time
        
        Length of time between birth of individual until birth of offspring
        
        intrinsic rate
        
        number of offspring a individual has
      - Carrying capacity
        
        number of individuals a ecosystem can support
    - - R selection
        
        Distrubances produce R conditions
        
        Ex: Fires, flood
      - K selection
        
        Can survive in competitive enviornment
      - R and K can live in same ecosystem
    - - Physiognomic structure
        
        Physical size and shape of organism
      - temporal structure
        
        Changes that ecosystem undergoes in time
        
        can span days to decades
      - Species composition
        
        number and diversity of species that coexist in ecosystem
      - Trophic Levels
        
        Feeding levels
        
        energy flow/carbon flow
- - - - Habitat
        
        Set or conditions where organism completes lifecycle
      - Environment Factors
        
        Biotic Factors
        
        Plant (itself)
        
        ex: large trees can shade floor, making it hard for other plants to grow
        
        Other species
        
        competition
        
        competes for resources
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        Any species that is less adaptive will be excluded
        
        Mutualism
        
        Beneficial for both organisms
        
        Organisms other than plants
        
        Predation
        
        one species benefits, the other is harmed
        
        commensalism
        
        one species benefits, the other is unaffected
        
        Abiotic Factors
        
        numerous metabolic pathways respond to abiotic factors
        
        Latitude
        
        amount of light varies
        
        Soil
        
        C horizon: Parent rock, fragments
        
        B horizon: Zone of deposition
        
        A horizon: uppermost level, little and debris
        
        Pioneer species: First to invade new soil
        
        Climate
        
        Extreme temperatures more important than averages
        
        consist of temp, rainfall, humidity, and wind
        
        Restricts species to certain regions
        
        Non living
        
        Disturbances
        
        affects mostly Biotic features
        
        many plants have adapted to fire
        
        fires,landslides,snow,floods
    - - Geographic Distribution
        
        Local distribution
        
        Uniformed Distribution
        
        Age distribution
        
        portion of young, middle aged, and old species
        
        Clumped Distribution
        
        spacing between plants is small or large
        
        Random Distribution
        
        no pattern to position of individuals
        
        Limiting Factor
        
        Biotic factors, soil factors
        
        one factor that affects health of the plant
      - Population Growth
        
        generation time
        
        Length of time between birth of individual until birth of offspring
        
        intrinsic rate
        
        number of offspring a individual has
      - Carrying capacity
        
        number of individuals a ecosystem can support
    - - R selection
        
        Distrubances produce R conditions
        
        Ex: Fires, flood
      - K selection
        
        Can survive in competitive enviornment
      - R and K can live in same ecosystem
    - - Physiognomic structure
        
        Physical size and shape of organism
      - temporal structure
        
        Changes that ecosystem undergoes in time
        
        can span days to decades
      - Species composition
        
        number and diversity of species that coexist in ecosystem
      - Trophic Levels
        
        Feeding levels
        
        energy flow/carbon flow
- - - - Transformation Theory
        
        Gametophyte and Sporophyte became larger and more complex
      - Interpolation Theory
        
        sporophytes were made by a zygote germinating mitotically rather than meiotically
    - - Rhyniophytes
        
        simple upright stems
        
        equal dichotomous branching
        
        simple xylem composed of tracheas
        
        sporangium open to release spores
      - Ferns
        
        about 300 living species
        
        found in any habitat
        
        no vascular system, epidermis when germinated
        
        Two types of sporangia
        
        Eusporangia
        
        several cells divide into multi-level disk
        
        Lepiosporangia
        
        singles cell protrudes out
    - - Protostele
        
        center of mass of xylem; No pith
        
        Endarch protostele
        
        xylem in the center, metaxylem in outer mass
        
        Exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem in middle, xylem mass on edges
    - - 3 distinct traits
        
        sporangium are open and transverse
        
        exarch protostele
        
        sporangia are lateral
    - - Lycophytes
        
        Called microphylis for clarity
        
        Lateral sporangia
        
        exarch protostele
        
        zosterophyllum ancestor
        
        has vascular cambium and secondary growth
        
        Heterospory
        
        Spores in cones called strobili
      - Trimerophytes
        
        resemble Rhyniophytes
        
        Pseudomonopodial branching
        
        one single main trunk
        
        over shading among leaves
      - Origin of Megaphylis
        
        leaves on gametophytes of non vascular plants
        
        microphylls of zosterophyllophytes
        
        distinct homoplastic structure
    - - all herbs without secondary growth
      - stems have piths
      - sporangia located under "umbrella" in bundles of 5-10
      - True monopodial growth
        
        Main trunk, lateral branches, true leave and roots
- - - - Oldest plants on Earth
      - Began earlier than 450 million years ago
      - Green algae adapted to live through drought
        
        Developed Phoelm
        
        allowed the entire plant to grow together
        
        developed xylem
        
        developed roots
        
        Had to move from aqueous reproduction to terrestrial
    - - No vascular tissue
      - body composed of 3 layers of true parenchyma
      - never grow to be large, selective advantages
        
        can grow in micro habitats
    - - found all over the world
      - all moss stems have leaves
        
        leaves did not evolve from same structure as vascular leaves did
        
        Leaves are one cell thick
        
        Most adapt by growing in moist envionments
        
        This can lead to the plant drying out if exposed to dry conditions
        
        Other are tolerant of desiccation
      - Gametes grow from apical meristem
      - Hydroids
        
        conduct water
        
        elongated, lose cytoplasm when mature
        
        If none present, water is moved by capillary action
      - Leptoids
        
        resemble sieve cells
      - protonemata
        
        help with development, small chloroplast found in each cell
      - oogamous
        
        Have sperm and egg cells
        
        antheridia: where sperm is found
        
        archegonia: where egg cells found
    - - 2 groups
        
        Thallose Liverwarts
        
        Leafy Liverworts
      - completely dependent on gametophyte
      - Have air-pores, cannot be closed
      - Bisexual or Unisexual
      - Male Gametophytes
        
        produce antheridiophore
      - Female Gametophytes
        
        Produce Archegoniophores
    - - Small plants, grow mainly on soil
      - gametophytes have numerous chambers
        
        After fertilization occurs, the zygote divides longitudinally
      - sporophyte generation
        
        cells grow upward, differentiate, and die
        
        spores are green, golden yellow, brown or black
- - - - seeded plants grouped into single division in 1800's
      - Gymnosperms
        
        Naked Orules
      - Angiosperms
        
        Flowering plants
    - - Megasprangium
        
        Integument
        
        layer of tissue that surrounds Megasprangium
        
        Large Microphyte
        
        hole that allows sperm to swim to egg
    - - evolution of vascular cambium with unlimited growth potential of secondary Xylem and Phloem
      - Gave later rise to conifers and cycads
      - Produced woody trees
      - Aneurophytales
        
        Vary in structure, from shrubs to trees
      - Archaeopteridales
        
        abundant wood, and secondary phloem
        
        Heterosporous reproduction
    - - Early seed ferns appeared in Devonian age
      - 3 divisions
        
        pteridospermophyta
        
        cycadeoidphyta
        
        cycadophyta
      - Seed Ferns
      - Leaves similar to true fern
      - long lived Xylem, Phloem, and vascular cambium
    - - Simple needed leaves
      - Lack Vessels
      - all have simple pollen cones
      - seed cones and compound cones
      - inside Megasporangium is a large megaspore mother cell
    - - most short plants with trunk covered in bark
      - no Ovules on leaves
      - seed cones vary
    - - contains single living species
      - Lacks vessels and Axial Parenchyma
      - dioecious and gymnospermous reproduction; But no cones present
    - - 3 groups
        
        Gnetum
        
        ephedra
        
        Welwitschia Mirabilis
      - Vines and small shrubs
      - Leaves are reduced and scale like
      - Vessels in wood; unusual in gymonosperms
- - - - generate new individuals that are genetically different
        
        Sexual Reproduction
        
        less adapted or more adapted than parent
        
        Changes in habitat effects only some
        
        Cannot colonize quickly
      - produce identical offspring
        
        Asexual Reproduction
        
        rapid colonization
        
        isolated individuals can reproduce
        
        adapted as parent, never more adapted
        
        Fragmentation
        
        large spreading of vining plants
    - - Complete Flower
        
        has 4 appendages
        
        Petals
        
        Make up Corolla
        
        distinct shape, size and color
        
        Leaf like, no chlorophyl
        
        Stamen
        
        Anther- Produces pollen
        
        Filament- Stalk
        
        Male part, produced pollen
        
        Sepals
        
        Lower, outer appendage
        
        modified leaves, surround and enclose plant
        
        all sepals together form Calyx
        
        carpels
        
        Stigma: Catches pollen
        
        Ovary- Produces megaspores
        
        style: Elevates stigma
      - Incomplete flower
        
        missing one-two appendages
    - - Microgametophytes
        
        Developed from microspores
        
        Pollen lands on stigma and travels down pollen tube to ovary
      - Fertilization
        
        Fusion of Protoplast = Plasmogamy
        
        fusion of nucleus = karyogamy
        
        Double fertilization: Both sperms undergo fusion
    - - Ovule- Seed matures into fruit
      - Pericarp: Entire Fruit
        
        Mesocamp: Flesh
        
        Endocamp: Pit
        
        Exocamp : Skin
    - - Cross Pollination
        
        Pollination from a different indivudual
        
        Mutations and new gene combos possible
      - Stigma and pollen incompatibility
        
        inhibits self fertilization
        
        chemical rxn between pollen and chemical prevents pollen growth
      - Animal Pollination
        
        Probability of fertilization much larger
        
        important factors
        
        height off the ground
        
        clear flight path
        
        position of flower
        
        inflorescent
        
        flowers closely grouped, visual signal for pollinators
      - Wind pollination
        
        don't need to attract animals
        
        large number of grains required because harder to fertilize
        
        feathery stigma- Easier to catch pollen
    - - Many agent disperse Ex: gravity, wind, water, animals
      - True Fruit
        
        ovarian tissue
      - Accesory fruit
        
        non ovarian tissues
      - Indehiscent
        
        fleshy fruits, don't break open
      - Dehiscent: Break open and release seeds