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Meningitis - Is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding…
Meningitis - Is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Viral - Due to a viral infection resulting in an inflammation to the meninges. Common viruses including entero-viruses, arboviruses, human immunodeficiency viruses and herpes simple virus.
Signs and Symptoms: Headache, moderate or high fever, photophobia and stiff neck
Treatment: Examination of the CSF via lumbar puncture. Antibiotics should be begun before results are returned. Cares symptomatically managed through rest. Full recovery is expected.
Bacterial - Most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Appear by entering the CNS through access by the upper respiratory tract, the bloodstream or direct exposure of skull wounds.
Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, Nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), decreased LOC, seizures, skin rash and petechiae.
Treatment: Initial assessment should include vital and neurological observations, fluid intake and output, and evaluation of the lungs and skin.
Rest including reducing any environmental stimuli such as any bright lights
IV fluids to correct diaphoresis
IV antibiotics: ampicillin, penicillin, cephalosporin
Codeine for headache
Paracetamol or Asprin for temperature above 38
Dexamethasone
Encephalitis - An acute inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus. Differences include inflammation occurring to the nervous tissue as opposed to the meninges.
Signs and symptoms: Fever, widespread nerve degeneration, headache, nausea, vomiting. Signs appearing on day 2-3 beginning as flu-like symptoms. Can vary in severity from minimal mental status alterations to coma.
Treatment
Early diagnosis is essential.
Multidisciplinary and nursing management is symptomatic and supportive.
Early stages require intensive care with monitoring ICP and administration of anti-seizure medications along with antiviral agents
Blood cultures