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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Characteristics of…

- - - - These plants have neither vascular tissue nor seeds
      - Nonvascular plants were the first true plants to be discovered
      - Ex. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
    - - Ex. Clubmosses, scouring rushes, and ferns
      - These plants have vascular tissue but not seeds
    - - Ex. Cycads, conifers, angiosperms
      - These plants have both vascular tissue and seeds
- - - - Gametophores
        
        The leafy stem of many moss plants that grow close together, tightly appressed and forming dense mounds
    - - Hydroids
        
        Conduct water and dissolved materials
      - Leptoids
        
        Involved in carbohydrate conduction
      - Rhizoids
        
        Involved in allowing plants to migrate laterally
- - - - Elaters
        
        Single, elongate cells with spring-shaped walls. When the sporangium opens, the elaters uncoil pushing spores out
      - All liverworts=homosporous
    - - Thallose liverworts
      - Leafy liverworts
      - In both of these groups, the gametophyte phase is initiated when spores germinate and establish a small, temporary protonematal phase