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Central Processing Unit (CPU) (How CPU Works (Step 1.) Control Unit…
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
How CPU Works
Step 1.) Control Unit receives its order from RAM, and tells the ALU what type of operations to perform. Then the ALU performs the operation and then outputs the answer depends the type on instruction.
Step 2.) The ALU then performs all the mathematical operations inside the CPU such as additions, substraction or comparison that is sent by the Control Unit. ALU uses flag and help the control unit decide what to do when it receives the next instruction
Step 3) When the ALU send the output to register,the output is saved in the register similar to RAM except they are located inside the CPU, which speeds up the process and more useful for temporarily while processing instructions. Before the ALU sends the output to the register, it will not be saved until the control unit turns on the registers set. And it whatever it is on its input wire when the save wire is turned on
Step 4)Enable wire will turned on so the data can be transferred to databus.The data inside the register which is connected to ALU will travel through the databusto one of the several other registers connected to the databus
Step 5)Control unit will turn on the instruction address if the control unit is ready to receive another instruction.When the address reach the memory address,the memory address will notify the RAM which instruction to send to the control unit.The control unit will activate the enable RAM signal in order to let the instruction register which will then transferred to the control unit for processing
Sometimes the output from the ALU can actually be ignored. For Example, if you have a compare instruction the ALU does not need to output an answer, the ALU uses flags as it is used to help the control unit to decide what to do when it receives the next instruction.
How CPU Is Made ?
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 3
The wafers then move from photolithography stage, where the electrical properties of the transistors will be specified
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
2 more items...
Before the copper is poured into the trenches for the interconnects, a barrier of layer is applied as it helps to avoid short circuits and guarantees reliability
The dopant atoms are injected into the silicon structures,. Then these atom then distribute randomly in the silicon lattice.
In high temperature, the atoms become flexible and take on a fixed position in the atomic structures.
The photo resist layer protects wafer material that should not be etches away. areas that were exposed will be etched away with chemicals. Then the photo resist is removed.
The silicon disk is coated with a photo-resistant liquid and is exposed to ultra violet light. Areas of the resist on the wafer that have been exposed to UV light will become soluble, creating circuit patterns. The exposed parts of the resist are soluble and are removed by developer
To make the wafers, a mono-crystal is produced from electronic grade silicon. Inside the mono-crystal is a silicon lattice which the transistors will later be fitted, Then, the ingot will move into slicing phase wherer individual silicon discs, called wafers.
The disk substrates for the microchips are made from sand are called silicon wafers.
History Of CPU
1904
1947
1971
Intel 4004
Found by
Gordon Moore
and
Robert Noyce
World's
first microprocessor chip
first cpu made by
silicon gate technology
clockrate - 740 KHz
Transistor - 2300
size - 10 microns
1974
Intel 8080
10x faster than 4004
8-bit version of 4004
transistor - 4800
clockrate - 2 MHz
Hundred of thousands calculations per secong enabled
basis of altair 8800
size - 6 microns
1978
Intel 8086
intel's
first 16-bit processor
successor of 8088
clockrate - 5 MHz
size - 3 microns
Transistor - 29 000
1979
Intel 8088
first chip used in Personal Computer
Original IBM PC
size - 3 microns
clockrate - 5 MHz
Transistor - 29 000
1982
Intel 80186
never found in PC due to compatibility issue with Original IBM PC
successor to 80286
size - 3 microns
clockrate - 6 MHz
Transistor - 55 000
Intel 80286
Protected Mode introduced allow multitasking
clockrate - 25 MHz
Transisitor - 134 000
clockrate - 6 MHz
size - 1.5 microns
2.66 million instructions/seconds
1985
2 more items...
1972
Intel 8008
Transistor - 3500
size - 10 microns
clockrate - 0.2 MHz
Transistors
Introduced by
John Bardee
,
William Shockley
and
Walter Brattain
on
Bell Lab
on
23/12/1947
Works like
switch(allow or block) flow of current
Billion of transistors form a modern processor
Transistor based CPUs
less power, smaller, faster and more efficient
Vacuum Tube
introduced by
John Ambrose Fleming
control flow of electron
that
functions as amplifiers of switches
It tooks long time to warm up.