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Nonvascular Plants (characteristics of nonvascular plants (no vascular…

- - - - sporophytes are smaller & more temporary & often inconspicuous
      - gametophytes are larger & more prominent generation
- - - - these gametophores grow close together giving the appearance of a dense mound
  - - - conduct water & dissolve minerals
    - - species that have hydroids often have these cells as well
    - - water is instead conducted along the exterior of their stems by capillary action
    - - small, multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
  - - - chlorophyllous cell undergoes mitosis & produces a branched system of similar cells
        
        protonema the entire network
  - - - short stalk, outermost layer of sterile cells, & inner mass of cells differentiate into sperm cells
    - - shaped like a vase w/ a long neck
      - hollow neck at maturity & single egg is located at base
- - - - foot absorbs sugars, minerals, & water
  - - - peristome teeth cell breakage resulting in 1-2 rows of complex teeth
- - - - never contain oil bodies, where as liverworts do
  - - - gametophtytes are always thin, at least along the edges, only the center is more thick by 4-5 cells thick
    - - instead a special chamber is formed near the upper surface
        
        as sperm cells mature, sterile outer cells of antheridia transform their chloroplast into chromoplast (orange or yellow)
    - - egg lies below a short neck & neck canal but is surrounded by vegetative thallus cells
  - - - newly formed cells are pushed upward, grow, differentiate, mature, die
        
        simultaneously being replaced by more cells from basal meristem
- - - - many species grow in permanently moist microhabitats
      - other mosses are tolerant of desiccation
      - many mosses thrive at low temperatures near or even below 0 degrees C
      - certain mosses can grow on hard, impervious surfaces
- - - - thallose liverworts
        
        show less resemblance to mosses
        
        not leafy, but rather flat & ribbon like or heart shaped & bilaterally symmetrical
        
        thallus body w/o roots, stems, & leaves
        
        air pores no stomata bc no guard cells that can be opened & closed
      - leafy liverworts
        
        greatly resemble that of moss, thin leaves on a slender stem
        
        however liver leaves typically have 2 rounded lobes w/ no midrib & no conducting tissue
        
        leaves arranged in 3 clearly defined rows; 2 rows much larger than the 3rd
      - in both the gametophyte phase is initiated when spores germinate & est. small & temp. protonematal phase
        
        liverwort protonemata are never as extensive or long lived as mosses
    - - liverwort gametophores can either be bisexual, producing antheridia & archegonia, or unisexual
        
        antheridiophore umbrella-shaped outgrowth produced by male gametophores
        
        has a stalk several mm tall
        
        archegoniophores also are stalked, apex is a set of radiating fingers that project outward & droop downward
    - - elaters within sporangium, some cells do not undergo meiosis but rather differentiate into these
        
        elongated cells w/ spring-shaped walls