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Plant Structure. Growth, and Angiosperm Reproduction (secondary growth…

- - - - one main vertical root that penetrates soil deeply and helps prevent plant from toppling over
      - lateral roots branching off from taproot are responsible for absorption
      - taproot allows plants to grow tall
    - - mat of thin roots spreading out below soil surface
      - many small roots spread out from the stem, no taproot present
    - - a plant organ that grows in an unusual location
    - - thin finger like extensions of root epidermal cells
  - - - nodes
        
        points at which leaves are attached
      - internodes
        
        stem segments between nodes
    - - has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch (grows to the side
  - - - mesophyll
        
        contains cells specialized for photosynthesis
      - stomata
        
        allow gas exchange between environmental air and photosynthetic cells in leaf
      - guard cells
        
        regulate opening and closing of stomata
      - vascular tissue
        
        xylem and phloem
        
        transports nutrients and photosynthetic products
- - - - xylem
        
        conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots into shoots
      - phloem
        
        transports sugars produced by photosynthesis to roots and sites of growth
    - - vascular tissue of a root or stem
        
        vascular cylinder in root (solid central bundle of vascular tissue)
        
        vascular bundles in stems and leaves (separate strands of xylem and phloem)
  - - - ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue
    - - ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue
    - - contains cells that function in photosynthesis, short distance transport, storage, or support
- - - - inhibition is through plant hormones
      - if the apical bud is removed, the axillary bud will grow a lateral shoot
      - if apical bud is removed and plant hormones are applied at the site of removal, the axillary bud will be inhibited from growing
- - - - produces more xylem than phloem
- - - - peas
    - - wind
    - - insects (bees, moths/butterflies, flies), bats, birds
- - - - n gametophyte
        
        n gametes
        
        fertilization
        
        2n zygote
  - - - consists of 4 parts
        
        antipodal cells
        
        polar nuclei
        
        synergids
        
        egg
  - - - generative cell divides to form 2 sperm, which pass into tube cell during gametophyte maturation
  - - - zygote develops into embryo
        
        packaged with food into a seed (first endosperm, later cotyledons)
        
        seed can be enclosed by fruit
        
        seed matures (dehydrating) and enters dormancy
        
        when inhibition occurs, the seed germinates and develop into mature sporophyte plant