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Chapter 28+30 (angiosperm life cycle (female gametophyte formation (embryo…

- - - - polar nuclei
      - synergids
      - antipodal cells
      - egg, haploid n
  - - - embryo is packaged with food into a seed
      - seed can be enclosed by fruit
      - zygote develops into embryo
- - - - main function is to elongate and orient the shoots in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves.
      - also functions to elevate reproductive structures, wide range dispersal.
    - - nodes: points at which leaves are attached
      - internodes: stem segments between nodes
    - - Apical Bud: bud at the tip of a plant stem, also called a terminal bud.
      - Axillary bud: structure that has potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. appears in angle between a leaf and a stem.
  - - - responsible for:
        
        gas exchange
        
        heat dissapation
        
        photosynthesis
        
        defense
      - consists of a flat blade and a stalk called a petiole
      - have veins to transport water and nutrients
      - tissues of a leaf
        
        stomata
        
        allow gas exchange
        
        guard cells
        
        regulate opening and closing of stomata
        
        mesophyll
        
        specialized for photosynthesis
        
        vascular tissue
        
        xylem and phloem, transport nutrients and photosynthesis products
  - - - Lateral roots branching off from tap root are responsible for absorption.
      - taproot allows plant to grow tall
      - one main vertical root (taproot) that penetrates soil deeply and help prevents plant from toppling over.
    - - mat of thin roots spreading out below soil surface.
      - many small roots spread out from the stem...no taproot present
- - - - Xylem:conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots into shoots
      - Phloem: transports sugars to roots and sites of growth
    - - vascular cylinder in root, solid center bundle
      - vascular bundle in stems and leaves, separate strands of xylem and phloem
- - - - Meristem: plant tissue that stays embryonic and allows for indeterminate growth
        
        apical meristems
        
        at tips of roots and shoots and axillary buds of shoots
        
        enable growth in length, primary growth
        
        occurs in all plants
        
        primary growth occurs at apical meristem in roots and shoots,grow in length, all plants
        
        Apical dominance
        
        if the apical bud is removed, the axillary bud will grow a lateral shoot
        
        if the apical bud is removed and plant hormones are applied at the site of removal, the axillary bud will be inhibited from growing
        
        phenomenom in which an active apical bud inhibits growth from nearby axillary buds
        
        Lateral meristems:
        
        vascular cambium and cork cambium
        
        enable growth in thickness, secondary growth
        
        occurs in woody plants
        
        vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue
        
        cork cambium replaces epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm
        
        Secondary growth occurs at lateral meristems, grow in thickness in parts of stems and roots that no longer grow in length, only woody plants
- - - - can combine their own pollen and ovule to form zygote
      - most angiosperms have evolved mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization
        
        some plants have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or are structurally arranged to discourage self-fert
        
        most common - self incompatibility
        
        species lack either carpels or stamens in flower
- - - - can occur by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts
      - most cases, offspring are genetically identical identical to the parent
    - - fragmentation - detached gragment of plant that can develop into whole new plant
      - apomixis - plants can sometimes produce seeds without pollination or fertilization
    - - no need for pollinator
        
        offspring have desirable genomes
        
        generally stronger progency
        
        less costly for parents resources
    - - offspring not dispersed as far away
      - offspring must grow in current enviornment, whether it is favorable or not
      - parent and offspring have identical genomes