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Chapter 28 and 30 (Angiosperm reproduction (Step 1: Male gametophyte…
Chapter 28 and 30
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3 plant organs
Stems
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Major functions: elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves.
elevate reproductive structures for a wider range of dispersal.
important functional structures: alternating nodes and internodes
nodes: points at which leaves are attached
internodes: stem segments between nodes
apical bud: bud at the tip of the plant, composed of developing leaves.
axillary bud: potential to form lateral shoot or branch.
specialized adaptations: rhizomes, stolons, tubers
Roots
Major functions: organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates.
important functional structures:
root hair- increase root's surface area, maximizing water absorption.
Taproot: one main vertical root that penetrates soil deeply and helps prevent plant from toppling over.
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specialized adaptations: pneumatophores, storage roots, strangling aerial roots.
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Leaves
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important functional structures:
veins (vascular tissue) transport the supplies for photosynthesis to the leaf and the products of photosynthesis away.
mesophyll: cells specialized for photosynthesis
stomata: gas exchange
guard cells: opening and closing of stomata
other structures: blade and stalk
specialized adaptations:tendrils, spines, storage leaves, reproductive leaves
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3 major plant tissues
Vascular tissue
inside the dermis, through the roots, stem, and leaves.
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features:
xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots into shoots.
phloem: transports sugars, produced by Photosynthesis, to roots and sites of growth.
stele:vascular tissue of a root or stem.
-vascular cylinder in root
-vascular bundles in stems and leaves
Ground tissue
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functions: support, photosynthesis, transport, storage
Features:
pith: ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue.
cortex: ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue.
Dermal tissue
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features:
non-woody plants have epidermis and cuticle to prevent water loss.
woody plants have periderm instead of epidermis in older regions of stem and roots to offer more protection.
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Secondary growth: occurs at lateral meristems. Growth in thickness in parts of stems and roots that no longer grow in length.
axillary/lateral meristem: enables growth in thickness. Vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem). Cork cambium replaces epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm(bark).
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