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(Secondary Growth (Grow in thickness in parts of stems and roots that no…

- - - - Seed enters dormancy
        
        Seed coat: formed from integuments of ovule; protects embryo and its food supply
        
        Inhibition: uptake of water by dry seed (due to its low water potential)
  - - - Ensures endosperm develops only in ovules where egg has been fertilized, thus preventing angiosperms from squandering nutrients on infertile ovules
        
        endosperm: food storing tissue of the seed
        
        Seeds = the result of double fertilization
  - - - Tube cell lengthens pollen tube
        
        Pollen tube forms around ovary
        
        Pollen tube approaches ovule along bottom of ovary.
        
        Pollen tube penetrates ovule through micropyle
        
        Fertilization of egg
        
        Fertilization of endosperm
        
        Sperm cells enter ovule
        
        Tube cell disintegrates
        
        generative cell splits to form 2 sperm cells
  - - - Integument envelops and protects tissues that eventually give rise to the female gametophyte
        
        ovule: integument + tissues it encloses
        
        Megaspore: spores that produce female gametophytes
  - - - Microspore develops into pollen grain (male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall)
        
        Pollen grain is transported from parent plant by wind or animal to part of plant that contains ovule
        
        Does not require water to transfer sperm
- - - - bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and stem
  - - - Mat of thin roots spreading out below soil surface
      - many small roots spreading out below surface
    - - Taproot allows plant to grow tall
      - lateral roots branching off from taproot
        
        responsible for absorption
      - one main vertical root that penetrates the soil deeply
        
        acts as an anchor
    - - shade from shoots shade out host and kills it
- - - - Xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots into shoots
      - Phloem: transports sugars (produced by photosynthesis) to roots and sites of growth
    - - Vascular cylinder: in root (solid central bundle of vascular tissue)
      - Vascular bundles: in stems and leaves (separate strands of xylem and phloem)
  - - - Epidermis: tightly packed cells
      - cuticle: waxy coating on epidermal surface to prevent water loss
- - - - In plants, also called vegetative reproduction