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EDU - History of Science (CRASH COURSE EPISODES (https://youtu…

- - - - Systematically collecting knowledge & Truth
      - At it's limit, the history of science touches on the study of religion: the diverse and changing nature of the neverending human search for truth with a capital T.
      - It can be divided into two things:
        
        A Body of Knowledge
        
        A Set of Methods
    - - European Science
        
        The Royal Society
        
        The "College for the promotion of physico-mathematical experimental learning."
        
        Later RE-founded as "The Royal Society of London for the improvement of Natural Knowledge" (<< This one is still around today)
        
        They wrote up these theories in the book: "Philosophical Transactions"
        
        These guys would demonstrate their experiments in front of each other while witnessing the proofs behind their theories.
        
        "Nullius In Verba" Translated: On noones word
        
        Essentially "Don't Believe something just because someone tells you it's true. TEST out each new hypothesis, or educated guess, YOURSELF.
        
        In other words: "Your individual proof of how some natural phenomenon works should be something that anyone can reproduce."
        
        The original users of the phrase though was actually a group of well off Alchemists and Medical Doctors, and they called themselves natural philosophers, or, "People who love truths concerning the world around them."
        
        The word "Scientist" was only
        coined recently in historical terms in
        the 1830s and caught on around 1840
      - Greco-Roman-Jewish-Arabic Medicine of the Mediterranean World
      - Ayurvedic Knowledge
        
        Social Norms
      - Traditional Chinese Medicine
      - Incian "Talking Knots"
      - Engineering
    - - Philosphers
        
        Michel Foucault
        
        Thomas Kuhn
    - - What is Stuff?
        
        Air
        
        Fire
        
        Outer Space
      - What is Life?
        
        Where did life come from?
      - Where Are We?
        
        What is this place?
        
        Is it the only place with life?
        
        What is going on around us?
        
        Can we go somewhere else?
      - How Can We Agree on what we know?
        
        How can I convince others that what I know is Accurate?
      - IN ESSENCE the goal of this course is to: Highlight how the values beliefs about right and ethics acceptable behaviors of scientists and engineers shape our world and how conversely sciences and technologies are shaped by the societies that produce them.
  - - - Who are they?
        
        They are most known for their work at separating Myths from what they knew about nature.
        
        Nature
        
        Milesians
        
        Pythagorians
        
        Myths
        
        The Who's Who:
        
        Thales
        
        "Everything is made of water"
        
        Did a lot of firsts...
        
        The world is something comprehensible by the human intellect
        
        Proved Mathematical Theory
        
        Believed in a deity
        
        Founded The Milesians School of Philosophy
        
        Pythagoras
        
        Mathematical-Mystical Vegetarian
        
        The Triangle Guy
        
        Cult Leader
        
        Might have been apart of banning beans
        
        Idealism
        
        Believed in a theory of purity
        
        Loved Whole numbers Hated Irrational numbers
        
        EG: The Square root of two, which he called "The Unutterable"
        
        Provided a mathematical way of proofs.
        
        Democritus
        
        The Atom Guy
        
        Indestructable
        
        Uncreated
        
        Always in motion
        
        Infinite in number
        
        (in his theory they were in all shapes and sizes.)
        
        Anaximander
        
        Student of Thales
        
        First to write his ideas
        
        Rejected Thales "Water is Matter" and instead theorized that everything came from its natural formless state... The Apiron
        
        This substrate could be hot or cold, dry or wet
        
        Empedoclesas
        
        Theorized on earth air fire water mixed with love and strife.
        
        Several different Philosophers who lived before Socrates and practiced Natural Philosophy
        
        This is essentially "Self Conscience Inquiry into Nature."
        
        Many of their Philosophies were about answering the first question... WHAT IS STUFF?
        
        A Quest for Abstract Knowledge
        
        Developed Schools of Thought
        
        These weren’t physical schools, but groups of teachers and students who thought about the same problems.
        
        The word school derives from Greek σχολή (scholē), originally meaning "leisure" and also "that in which leisure is employed", but later "a group to whom lectures were given, school".
        Etymology for σχολή (scholē): https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE
        Etymology of School:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School#Etymology
      - CONTEXT OF THE GREEKS
        
        Where?
        
        Ancients Greece AKA Ionia
        
        Live in small towns called City States and at first were NOT dependant on one another (IE not united) But still got along from time to time and generally shared very similar philosophical, religious, and social beliefs/practices. And they traded with each other a lot.
        
        They are very comfortable on the water!
        
        https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1s1RD8sEa4KrekTIo6bzCWwRyCiaSm1esJ0a8monM4jA/edit#gid=1856875939
        
        Practiced Natural Philosophy
        
        This is essentially "Self Conscience Inquiry into Nature."
        
        Many of their Philosophies were about answering the first question... WHAT IS STUFF?
        
        Worshiped... natureish
        
        their land is deforested and eroding. (even though a lot of their religion is worshiping Nature)
        
        They don't have official "Schools" or "Academies"
        
        Notable Enemies?
        
        Themselves (City States)
        
        The Persians
        
        When?
        
        A "Science Dence Period of Mid to Ancient Greece that stretched from 600 - 400 BC
        
        REAL ancient Greece is 800 BCE after the fall of the Mycenaeans
        
        The dudes who burned down Troy because one of them got dumped.
        
        "Ancient Greece" ends with the Roman Conquest in 146 BCE
      - Conclusions
        
        They Were Not Scientists in the modern sense
        
        But, While they didn’t make detailed, accurate knowledge of nature based on observation. (IE Science) They did come up with theories that tried to account for why stuff is the way it is.
        
        Rational Debate is just one example of how the presocratics elevated being curious about the world into natural philosophy.
        
        Presocratics: Despite having by any reasonable standard invented science in europe, these thinkers are lumped together today as "Not Socrates."
  - - - Inspired:
        
        Aristotle
        
        Aristotelian
        
        Plato
        
        Platonist
        
        Founded a physical school "The Academy" to train Athenians in how to think like Socrates
        
        Thinking about thinking
        
        Wrote down dialogues between Socrates and others to include Parmenides
      - Did not claim to know things
      - Asked alot of questions
      - Studied politics more than science or philosophy
      - Socratic Method
        
        His name is attached to the "Socratic Method" - in which you constantly ask questions so that students can steadily break down a big problem into smaller parts, parts they can test hypotheses against.
    - - The Academy
      - The Peripatetic
  - - - Aqueducts of india (Socially maintained water supply for farming)
      - The Forestry of india (for the elephants)
      - The Vedas
        
        Ayurveda (Life Knowledge) The Sanskrit Language (and more specifically the Vedas which defined and governed this language)
      - Astronomers
        
        The Solutions AKA: The Siddhantas (High level Astronomy Textbooks) There were seven books from seven families, but, two major ones:
        
        Names of all seven:
        
        Nyaya
        
        Vaisheshika
        
        Samkhya
        
        Yoga
        
        Mimiasa
        
        Vadanta
        
        Two Major Writers:
        (Who were both brilliant Polymaths, but disagreed on Astrology)
        
        Aryabhata
        
        Place Value System
        
        Decimal Notation
        
        The fimilar "Arabic" Numbers
        
        Zero
        
        Pi (3.1416)
        
        Postulated that "The Earth Rotates Daily on it's Axis"
        Other thugs thought that the sky rotated around the earth.
        
        Brahmagupta
        
        Thought that a rotating earth made no sense. "Just look at the birds, not flying off into the heavens.
        
        He calculaited the realative circumfrance of the earth
        
        And worked with Negative & Irrational numbers
      - Medical
        
        Charaka Samhita (written sometime before 200CE)
        
        Wrote a Medical Textbook that calls for physicians to Apprentice
    - - When?
        
        326 BCE Alexander the Great Invades
        
        Gupta Empire 319 - 605 CE
        
        Maurya Empire 322-180 BCE
      - Where?
      - Why?
      - Anthropology
        
        They were a hydraulic state. The control of water was what helped them to supply a large amount of food.
      - Religion?
        
        Gods perpetually at war destroying & creating reality itself
        
        Types:
        
        Hinduism
        
        Vedas (meaning Knowledge) were Hindu religious texts about information
        
        Written in Sanskrit (sacred Language)
        
        There were ALOT of Vedas about how to use Sanskirt. So you could
        
        Buddhism
        
        Jainism
        
        Ajivika
    - - India Presents a convenient counterpoint to greece because Knowledge-Making in india was inseparable from a long religious tradition, sponsored by the state and focused on applications
      - so you can say that the first science in India was linguistics and this tradition of memorizing the Vedas and trying to understand words eventually led to the study of acoustics and musical tones.
      - Some parts of the vedas concerned Math & Astronomy. But mostly they concerned Gods & Rituals.
      - Indian States developed whole government departments to supervise the building and maintenance of irrigation systems.
      - A debate about the relative merits of applied versus pure science - knowledge of the immediately useful versus the abstractly true - is still raging today
        
        Useful
        
        Indian
        
        Abstract
        
        Greek
      - Indian medicine and surgery was probably the most advanced of any contemporary civilization.
    - - Chandragupta Maurya
        
        Emperor of India
        
        Maurya Empire
        
        322-180 BCE
      - Ashoka The Great
        
        Budhist
        
        Outlawed Hunting
        
        Opened Hospitals