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Plant Structure, Growth, and Angiosperm Reproduction (Secondary growth…

- - - - Taproot system
        
        Single main vertical root which penetrates deep into the soil and prevents the plant from falling over
        
        Lateral roots responsible for absorption
        
        Helps plant grow tall
      - Fibrous root system
        
        Mat of thin roots that spread below surface of the soil
        
        Many small roots spread out from stem
  - - - Nodes: points where leaves are attached
      - Internodes: stem segments in between nodes
  - - - Stomata- allow for gas exchange
      - Guard cells- regulate opening and closing of stomata (impact water loss)
      - Mesophyll- contains specialized cells for photosynthesis
      - Vascular tissue- transport nutrients and products of photosynthesis
- - - - Xylem: conduct water and dissolved minerals from root to shoot
      - Phloem: transport sugar to roots and growth sites
    - - Vascular cylinder in root (solid central bundle of tissue)
      - Vascular bundles in stems and leaves (separate xylem and phloem)
- - - - Combine self pollen and ovule to form a zygote (potentially detrimental because it does not increase genetic diversity)
      - Some angiosperms have evolved mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization
- - - - Fragmentation- detached fragment from the plant that can become a whole new plant
        
        Ex. Aspen tree in Utah
      - Apomixis- plants may produce seed without pollination or fertilization
        
        Ex. dandelions