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Classification and systematics (Levels of Taxonomy (Goals (develop a…
Classification and systematics
Levels of Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Hereditary relationship of any group of organisms
Goals
develop a natural system of classification of related organisms
assign plants names based on phylogenetic relationships
Species
closely related by decent
can be interbred, cross pollinated
Genus
closely related species
objective, causes disputes
Family
level about Genus
well defined, widespread agreement
Order, Class, Division, Kingdoms, etc
even kingdoms, the most broad category has disputes
Cladistics
method of analyzing phylogenetic, evolutionary relationships
complicated because plants can resemble each other
classified by:
undergo convergent evolution
descended from common ancestors
taxonomist used a wide variety of tools to study organism
scanning microscope
transmissionn electron microscope
simple obseravtion
DNA sequencing
understanding Cladograms
Diagram that shows evolutionary patterns
Node: Where it branches
clade: Ancestor all branches lead to
Other Types of Classifications
Artificial classification system
grouped by common characteristic of the plant, not related
picture guides, Roadside floras
Classification of Fossils
combined artificial and natural systems
goal is to understand evolution
Genera
fossils with same basic form and structure grouped together
Taxonomic Structure
Bontanical Exploration
discovering new facts about existing species
declaring new plants is easy; prove and describe it properly
Type Specimen
single preserved plant that truly carries name
Major lines of Evolution
Organisms grouped in 3 domains
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
1st organisms discovered were simple
evolutionary events: conversion of prokaryote to eukaryote
