Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

CH 16 DM (TYPE 2 (Initial stages (Insulin deficit (Results in decreased…

- - - - Results in decreased transportation and use of glucose in many cells
- - - - Polyphagia
      - Fatigue
- - - - Microangiopathy—changes in microcirculation
        
        Obstruction or rupture of small capillaries and arteries
        
        Tissue necrosis and loss of function
        
        Neuropathy
        
        Leads to:
        
        impaired sensation.
        
        numbness.
        
        tingling.
        
        weakness.
        
        muscle weakness.
        
        Retinopathy—leading cause of blindness
        
        Chronic renal failure—degeneration in glomeruli of kidney
      - Macroangiopathy—affects large arteries
        
        Result of abnormal lipid levels
        
        High incidence of heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease
        
        May result in ulcers on feet and legs—slow-healing
        
        Frequent infections and gangrenous ulcers
        
        Amputation may be necessary.
- - - - At 6 is prediabetic
        
        Greater than 6 is diabetic
- - - - Glucose deficit in blood; Can be life-threatening or cause brain damage if untreated; Often follows strenuous exercise; Dosage error; Vomiting; Skipping meal after taking insulin :!!: :warning:
    - - Disorientation and change in behavior
      - May appear impaired
      - Anxiety or decreased responsiveness
      - Decreased blood glucose level
      - Decreased BP, increased heart rate
      - Decreasing level of consciousness
  - - - Diabetic ketoacidosis (diabetic coma or hyperglycemia) also causes loss of consciousness. The emergency treatment is insulin, fluid, and sodium bicarbonate. Assessment should be done to differentiate the cause.
    - - Dry, rough oral mucosa, thirst
      - Warm, dry skin
      - Rapid pulse, but weak and thready
      - Blood pressure is low as the vascular volume decreases.
      - Oliguria (decreased urine output) indicates that compensation mechanisms to conserve fluid in the body are taking place.
      - Lethargy and decreased responsiveness indicate depression of the central nervous system owing to acidosis and decreased blood flow.
      - Rapid, deep respirations (Kussmaul respirations)
      - Acetone breath (a sweet, fruity smell)
  - - - Increased hematocrit
        (% of o2 in the RBC)
      - Loss of turgor;
        Increased heart rate and respirations
- - - - Excessive amounts of fatty acids and metabolites
      - Ketones in the blood
    - - Decreased serum bicarbonate
      - Decrease in pH of body fluids
      - Ketoacids excreted in urine