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Motivation & Emotion 2 (Dagleish - The emotional brain (Early…
Motivation & Emotion 2
Dagleish - The emotional brain
History of affective neuroscience
Charles Darwin
animal emotions are homologues for human emotions
limited set of fundamental or basic emotions are present across species and cultures
James-Lange theory
emotions are no more than the experience of sets of bodily changes that occur in response to emotive stimuli
different patterns of bodily changes code different emotions
Criticism by
Cannon
:
Separation of the viscera from the brain in animals did not impair emotional behavior
bodily or autonomic activity cannot differentiate different emotional states
bodily changes are too slow to generate emotions
artificial hormonoal activation of bodily is insufficient to generate emotion
BUT: Recent research has cast doubt on cannons claims
emotional responses can be distinguished (at least partly) on the basis of autonomic activity
emotions were less intense when the brain was disconnected from the viscera in cannon's studies
Early Neuroanatomical theories
Cannon-Bard
against James lange
decorticated cats: sham rage = make sudden, inappropriate and ill-directed anger attacks
Cannon-Bard Theory
:
hypothalamus is nvolved in the emotional response to stimuli
such responses are inhibited by evolutionarily more recent neocortical regions
removal of the cortex frees the hypothalamic circuit from top-down control -> allowing uncontrolled emotion displays (sham rage)
The Papez Circuit
sensory input -> thalamus
Upstream thought stream
: thalamus -> sensory cortex -> cingulate cortex
cingulate cortex -> hippocampus -> hypothalamus -> anterior thalamus
allows top-down control of emotional responses
Downstream - feeling stream
: thalamus -> hypothalamus -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate cortex
downward projections to the bodily systems
-> cingulate cortex integrates signals from hypothalamus with info from sensory cortex -> produces feelings
-> signals from the hypothalamus and sensory cortex converge = conscious experience of feeling
MacLean limbic system
: combined Papez, Cannon and Bard's original ideas + integrated them with works of Kluver and Bucy
MacLean's Theory:
brain as a triune architecture
-> evolutionarily ancient reptilian brain (striatal complex + basal ganglia) -> primitive emotions (fear and aggression)
-> visceral brain / 'old' mammalian brain -> augments primitive reptilian emotional responses such as fear + elaborates the scoial emotions
Criticism: limbic system is less involved than MacLean thought
Important areas for emotions
Amygdala
Lesion: emotional conditioning, emotional processing and retrieval of emotional memories
Social signals of emotion
fear conditioning - direct thalamo-amygdala route - thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway
Memory consolidation