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Motivation & emotion 1 (Theories of Emotion (James Lange (Stimulus …
Motivation & emotion 1
Theories of Emotion
James Lange
Stimulus -> Sensory cortex -> motor response -> feedback of bodily response -> sensory cortex -> emotional experience
Emotional experience is nothing but conscious experience of bodily response -> bodily response precede emotional experience
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criticism:
- doesnt explain how bodily responses are produced in the first place -> elicitation problem
- many emotions have the same bodily reactions
- severed peripheral organs do not eliminate emotions
Schachter
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Stimulus -> physiological arousal (somatic component) -> attribution of arousal (cognitive component) -> emotional experience (feeling component)
Two factor theory
- Somatic process
- stimulus input produces undifferentiated state of physiological arousal
- cognitive process
- arousal is attributed -> produces specific emotional experience
Appraisal Theories
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Stimulus -> unconcious emotional antecedent appraisal (cognitive component) -> action tendency (motivation) -> physiological response (somatic c.) -> behavior (motor component) -> emotion (feeling) -> emotion-consequent attribution (conscious)
Appraisal variables
- each variable deals with one aspect of the encounter
- values on these variables make a appraisal pattern
- each specific emotion is caused by a distinct pattern
- Goal relevance: a stimulus elicits an emotion when it is goal relevant, thus provides information about the satisfaction status of a goal or concern
- goal congruence: sometimes emotions are elicited by consellations of stimuli, instead of stimuli only
- match between a goal and stimulus -> positive emotion
- coping potential
- agency / blame
Network Theories:
- assume that initially only a handful of biologically relevant stimuli elicit unconditioned emotional responses + the range of stimuli that evoke these emotional responses is progressively elaborated through conditioning procedures
- emotions are elicited by specific networks & node activation patterns
Affect program theory
- pretty much the same, but explains the networks and adds a biological part.
- emotions are elicited via networks, which are elicited via biologically evolved networks which are innate, and triggered via input of a certain nature
Generalization: schemes may be triggered by stimuli that are similar to the ones represented in the schema
Facial feedback hypothesis: networks may be activated via different entry points
- an emotion schema can be activated by a stimuli, but also via responses, e.g. copying a facial expresion leads to experiencing that emotion
Barrett's Conceptual Act Theory
- what traditional theories call specific emotions is nothing but the categorization of core affect into one of the so called emotion categories
- categories are not given in nature, but are socio-cultural constructions
two-factor theory:
- stimuli elicit core affect
- core affect is categorized
- helps shape the experience
-form of perception
- the two factors are not serial, but constrain eachother till a stable satisfaction is reached (constrained satisfaction)
Frijda: Laws of Emotion
Emotion Elicitation
- Law of Situational Meaning: Emotions derive from situations
- same situations -> same emotions
- emotions arise due to meaning structures of situations
- input: certain event -> output: correlated emotional response
- Law of Concern: Emotions arise from particular goals, motivations or concerns
- every emotion has a concern
- concern gives a particular event emotional meaning
- The law of Apparent reality: whatever seems real, can elicit emotions
- power of imagination
- how we interpret a situation governs the emotion we feel (compare with 11&12)
- The Laws of Change, Habituation, and Comparative feeling
a) Change: Emotions most readily repond to change
- emotions are not elicited by presence of (un)favorable conditions, but by expected changes in these conditions
- greater change -> stronger emotion
b) Habituation: in life we get used to circumstances, whatever they are
- mostly true, but see 7&8
- conitued pleasures wear off & though situations become regular
c) Comparative feeling: We are always comparing what is happening, to a relatively steady frame of reference
- intensity of emotion depends on the relationship between a event and a frame of reference
- facebook / instagram
- The Law of Hedonic Asymmetry: certain circumstances one can never get accustomed to
- assymetrical adaption to gain pleasure or pain
- pleasure fades, but pain can persist for a long time
- predicts negative balance for QoL
Emotion Persistence
- The Law of Conservation of Emotional Momentum: events can retain emotional power over the years, unless we re-experience and re-evaluate them
Modularity of Emotion
- The Law of Closure: The way we respond to our emotions tend to be absolute
- Emotion -> Absolute response
- often lead emmediately to actions of one kind or another, no discussion possible (But see 10, 11 & 12)
Emotion Regulation
- The Law of Care for Consequence: People naturally consider the consequences of their emotions and modify them accordingly
- major effect: response moderation
- major mechanism: response inhibition
- The Laws of the Lightest Load: we are likely to use re-interpretations to reduce negative emotions
- e.g. avoidance, denial and entertaining of illusionary hopes
- mechanisms that transform one's sense of reality and block the occurrence of hedonic appreciations operate at a much more elementary level: depersonalization, occurrence of the sense of unreality, the veil over emotional feeling
- The Law of Greatest Gain: whenever a situation can be re-interpreted for a positive emotional gain, it will be