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The brain and space (Senses and motor systems work together to construct…

- - - - Energy, not matter
      - Combination of electric and magnetic energy
      - https://malagabay.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/electromagnetic-spectrum-with-visible-light-highlighted.jpg
    - - Photoreceptors
        
        which asbsorb light of some WAVELENGTH but not others
        
        400 - 700 nm
        
        are neurons
        
        neurons are brain's information processing units
        
        encased in membranes
        
        membranes provide electrical boundaries
        
        lights produces a change in electrical potential
        
        Resting membrane potential: Potential before light. Electrical voltage in the neuron compared to the outside when it is not receiving any input.
        
        Neural response. Voltage deviation from "rest" when the neuron receives the input
        
        Change in the Ion channels that regulate electrical potential inside photoreceptors neurons
      - containing photopigment
        
        Rhodopsin
        
        Light triggers a rotation inside the molecule
        
        Opsin enzyme is activated
        
        Chain reaction, activation of others enzymes - amplification
        
        Change in the electrical signal of photoreceptors #
        
        Membrane potential changes (more negative)
    - - Image formation
        
        Light-sensing cells are inside the eye, at the back
        
        How does light travels?
        
        Spreads outward from every point
        
        Light at every point arrives from every other point
        
        Travels in straight lines
        
        Sort light and, keep it organized
        
        Keep light from different object/locations separate
        
        Create 1-to-1 corrispondence between location of origin and location on the sets of light sensors
        
        How do you form an image?
        
        Pinhole
        
        Camera obscura
        
        Pupil is the pinhole of the eye
        
        Sensors are at the back of the eye
        
        The size of the aperture produces a certain amount of blur on the projected image
        
        Keplero discovered that the pupil and the lens form the image
        
        Refraction
        
        Light passes from air to something with more density than air (Cornea, Lens, Humor vacuo) and changes it's angle
        
        the image is upside down and backwards
        
        Human eye
      - No image formation
        
        Plants
        
        Simple animals
        
        Light-sensing cells are on the surface
    - - Vision guides the body
      - Visual-body interactions are learned
      - We perform better when the retinal image is what we are used to: correctly inverted once, rather than a second time (Goggles)