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Urban development/Urban politics (Neighbourhood (De Wit & Brenner…
Urban development/Urban politics
Interpersonal networks
Votebanks
Benjamin (2009)
De Wit & Brenner (2009)
McFarlane (2014)
Benjamin (2008) In the context of various cities in India, they describe how settlements on well policed land are controlled by low -level party workers
Benjamin (2008): For the big developers, vote banks cause fear. The high court of India supports evictions and tries to solve vote banks. Vote banks pose a challenge to developmentalism .
General
De Wit & Berner (2009): personalised networks are very important in the urban poor their lives
Hall (2015): There are economic networks within British neighbourhoods between migrants
Social Cohesion
Beall (2001): Social cohesion can not be 'constructed; or just enhanced by outside intervention
Patronage
De Wit & Berner (2009): Patronage is very important in the Indian context
McFarlane et al. (2014): Important aspect of Indian urban everyday life
Inequality and exclusion is increasing
Bhan (2009): In Delhi a lot of cases were filed by the non-poor to evict poor residents
Caldeira (2000) shows, based on her research in Sao Paulo, how migrants from the North Eastern parts of Brazil are implicitly "othered" and then blamed for an increase in crimes and changes in neighborhoods
Residents in Delhi are accused of polluting the river, carriers of disgrace and creators of unsanitary living (Bhan 2009)
The poor are held largely responsible for threats to the environment and public health, in what Baviskar (2004) termed as "bourgeoisie environmentalism" (Bhan 2009)
Marginalisation
Mishra (2016): Not many migrants go to urban areas. because these are exclusionary (Bhagat 2016)
As costs of basic needs increase, such as housing, education and transport increases it is difficult for the urban poor to survive (Mishra, 2016).
The riverbank settlements: majority are daily wage workers (construction, rickshaw pullers and waste pickers) (Bhan 2009)
Marginalisation of migrants from Sudan in Cairo in urban areas (Grabska 2006)
Neighbourhood
De Wit & Brenner (2009): Often there are dense webs of mutual support and risk-sharing, organised along lines of kinship, common origin or religion, neighbourhood and predominantly carried by women
McFarlane et al. (2014): Everyday experiences of sanitation differ between neighbourhoods according to differences in key variables - religion, legality, area in the city and income
McFarlane et al. (2014): Differences between neighbourhoods reflect not only different urban histories, social composition, state-based and legal (dis)connections, but also politics and everyday experiences
Hall (2015): There are economic networks within British neighbourhoods between migrants
Hall (2015): Both the street and the neighbourhoods are important places for everyday politics
Bayat & Biekart (2009): New processes lead to a restriction in the capacity of low-income inhabitants to organize their own neighborhoods and participate in management of their own spaces (p. 819)
Perlman (2006): 'My data also indicate a relationship between upward economic mobility and two ther measures of social capital: the possessions of friendship and kinship ties and having trust and relationships with neighbors.' p. 164
Gender
McFarlane et al. (2014): Gender is one of the inequalities within urban areas, especially the ones that arise from state demolition or declarations of illegal neighborhoods.
Bayat & Biekart (2009): while the threat of real and imagined crime and violence restricts the movement of the rich as well as the ordinary people, notably women, in many areas of their cities
Bayat & Biekart (2009) In this state of vulnerability, women suffer disproportionately, Even thought in most African cities are dominant street vendors when it comes to fruit and vegetable sales, dominant gender attitudes often stigmatizise these activities. (p. 822)
Community
De Wit & Brenner (2009): The concept of community is in itself problematic, with heterogeneous groups living together (accidentally and often temporal) together on a given land are (Botes and Van Rensburg, 2000)
Bayat & Biekart (2009): 'Only the very poor - those who hold few valuable connections at the top - may be oriented toward collectibe mobilization.'
Changes in urban governance in India
Bayart & Biekart (2009): New processes lead to a restriction in the capacity of low-income inhabitants to organize their own neighborhoods and participate in management of their own spaces (p. 819)
Bayat & Biekart (2009), p. : Cities are sites of intense struggles between multiple stakeholders, whose ideas, influences and actions together shape urban realities.
Benjamin (2008): focus on real estate surpluses
Benjamin (2008): The idea of vote banks challenges the idea of the nation state , which is a fluid and autonomous space . It goes beyond the formal and the informal
Neoliberalisation of urban space (Banerjee-Guha 2009, Gooptu 2009)
Politics
Small ways of ordinary people in order to survive hardships and better their lives (Bayat 1977)
Benjamin (2008): poor reoccupy places, they are not naive and they know how to use the system
Benjamin (2008): In various cities in India Dalit movements play a key role in challenging the government and contest land developers
Roy (2005): Informality = is not that what is out of the formal, as some kind of neatly bound residual order that lies beyond the State and formal planning. The informal is produced by the State itself. It represents deliberate suspension of formal norms and it is the State that has the power to determine when to enact this suspension and to determine what is informal and what is not. The State decides what kind of informalities will thrive or not.
Baud & De Wit (2008), Harriss (2005): Studies have shown that the poor operate differently than the rich or the middle classes, the latter being more able to directly access offices, to make phone calls, to put pressure on officials through upper-strata networks, or participate in effective - if undemocratic - resident welfare associations
McFarlane & Silver (2017): The role of critical urban scholarship is to understand how everyday urban life is shaped at the margins of urbanism. Doing so reveals, that the challenges to them and the solutions are very differentiated, even within one neighborhood