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case 7 (mitosis (prophase (chromosomes become visibly coiled, nuclear…

- - - - sarcoma
        
        originating in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels
      - leukaemia
        
        originating in the bone marrow, producing abnormal blood cells
      - lymphoma
        
        originating in immune cells
      - carcinoma
        
        originates from epithelial cells
    - - normal regulatory genes
        
        proto-oncogenes
        
        growth promoting
        
        only need dominant allele to be mutated to cause cancer
        
        tumour suppressor genes
        
        anti-oncogenes
        
        need both alleles to be mutated to cause cancer
        
        DNA repair genes
        
        affect cell proliferation indirectly by influencing the ability to repair nonlethal damage to other genes including proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes that regulate apoptosis
        
        e.g. BRCA1 and BRAC2
        
        genes that regulate programmed cell death or apoptosis
      - oncogenes
        
        function
        
        promotes normal cell growth
        
        help cells to proliferate instead of undergo mitosis
        
        activation
        
        mutations
        
        point mutations
        
        gene amplification
        
        e.g. HER2
        
        chromosomal translocation
        
        viral stimulation
        
        from proto-oncogenes
      - tumour suppressor genes #
        
        e.g. P53
        
        function
        
        DNA repair activation
        
        arresting the cell in G1 or initiating apoptosis
    - - a single cell suffers a mutation in a gene involved in the cell cycle (oncogene or tumour suppressor gene)
      - mutation gives cell a slight growth advantage
      - cell undergoes mitosis
      - there may be a second mutation in this step
      - as rate of mitosis increases the risk of mutations also increases
      - eventually after several mutations have occurred growth becomes unregulated
    - - sporadic #
        
        most cancers
        
        an accumulation of mutations
      - familial
        
        one or more cases of cancer in family history
        
        at an increased risk of developing cancer
        
        hereditary cancer
        
        inherit mutated gene from their parents
        
        passed on to biological children
        
        most are autosomal dominant
        
        every cell in the body contains the mutation
- - - - form complexes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) with enzymes
      - CDKs promote DNA replication and mitosis
      - CDKs are required for cell cycle progression
      - CDKs are suppressed during G1
      - D=>E=>A=>B
    - - take phosphate groups from ATP and transfers them to tumour suppressor protein pRB
    - - binds to an inhibits transcription factors when unphosphorylated