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Memory (Why does memory fail us? (Advantages (Transience prevents memory…

- - - - Causes
        
        more meaningless material=↑ chance of interference
        
        Emotion (eg if break up with gf-->interference)
        
        2 sets of material ↑similar= ↑ chance of interference
      - Proactive Interference
        
        old memory disrupts learning of new info
      - Retroactive Interference
        
        new info prevents remembering of old info
      - Serial Position Effect
        
        we tend to forget the middle of the sequence
        
        subject in middle is exposed to BOTH proactive & retroactive interference
        
        made up of
        
        Primacy effect (tend to rmb 1st items in a sequence)
        
        Recency effect (tend to rmb the most recent items)
- - - - Central Executive
        
        Sketchpad
        
        Episodic Buffer
        
        Phonological Loop
    - - deeper processing by establishing connections with LTM--->new info more meaningful and memorable
    - - 7+/- 2 chunks of info for about 20 seconds unless rehearsed repeatedly
      - Has least capacity among the 3 systems-->"bottleneck"
      - How to memorise better
        
        Chunking
        
        Role of rehearsal
        
        Maintenance rehearsal (merely repeating the info)
        
        Elaborative rehearsal (actively connecting to knowledge alrdy stored
    - - Involves hippocampus and frontal lobes
  - - - Procedural Memory
        
        (things we know how to do eg. play piano,cycle)
        
        stores mental directions/processes for skills
      - Declarative Memory
        
        Semantic Memory
        
        Stores basic meanings of words, facts, concepts
        
        does not retain info abt time & place when info was learned
        
        Schemas
        
        clusters of knowledge that give us context for understanding events
        
        help us make sense of new info by providing a ready-made framework for it
        
        Episodic Memory
        
        stores memories of events in life
        
        stores temporal coding to identify when & where it occurred
    - - throughout the cerebral cortex
      - How do memory fragments get pieced tgt?
        
        memory consolidation (pg 188)
        
        can be strengthened/weakened by emotional state
      - Case study of H.M (pg 187)
    - - Unlimited
  - - - Iconic, Echoic, Tactile Sensory, Olfactory, Gustatory memory
    - - sensory memory consists of rapidly fading trace of stimulation in our sensory systems
      - Working memory then decides which fading sensory trace gains attention and which will disappear
    - - Sperling's demonstration showed can store 12-16 items
      - Lasts from 1/4 of a second to a few seconds later
- - - - eg. Creating a story for grocery list, Acronyms, Rhymes
  - - - Distributed Learning
        
        longer retention of material
        
        Strengthens memories through consolidation
      - try to minimise interference
      - Make material personally meaningful & use whole method
    - - Elaborative rehearsal
        
        create own examples
        
        Review & rehearse mnemonics
      - Encoding specificity
        
        test yourself with retrieval cues expected for the exam