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Chronic Asthma (Clinical Manifestations (dyspnea and chest tightness,…
Chronic Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
dyspnea and chest tightness
wheezing and cough
tachypnea and tachycardia
pulsus paradoxus
hypoxemia
hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
Risk Factors
allergens
house dust mites
pollens & moulds
tobacco smoke
chemical irritants in the workplace
air pollution
Diagnosis
/
Test
physical exam and medical history
Chest x-ray
Arterial Blood Gas
Pulmonary Function Test
incentive spirometry
Peak Flow
FeNO test
provocation
Treatment
Take medication on time
long term oral corticosteroids
nebulizers
inhalers
bronchodilators
regular visit to the doctor
health teaching for patient and family member for asthma control
asthma control plan
Epidemiology
220,000 deaths recorded in 2016
Approximately 334 million people suffer from asthma
National Current Asthma Prevalence 2016
Children <18 years old-6,132 with current asthma
Adults>18 years old with 20,383 with current asthma
Pathophysiology
exposure to antigen/irritant
early asthmatic response
release of cytokines, interleukins that activates B lymphocytes and eosinophils
Ig E binds with mas cells
Mast degranulation
inflammatory mediators are released (histamines, bradykinins, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor & interleukins
vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucosal edema, bronchospasm, mucus secretion
late asthmatic response
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