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Our Changing Earth (Lithospheric Plates # (The lithosphere is broken into…

- - - - Earthquake
        
        When the lithospheric plates move the surface of the earth vibrates. The vibrations can travel all round the earth. These vibrations are called earthquakes. #
        
        The place in the crust where the movement
        starts is called the focus.
        
        The place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre.
        
        Types of Earthquake waves
        
        S waves or transverse waves
        
        L waves or surface waves
        
        P waves / longitudinal waves
        
        Animal behaviour
        
        Fish in the ponds get agitated
        
        Snakes come to the surface
        
        Case study
        
        Place- Bhuj Town
        
        Magnitude on Richter scale- 6.9
        
        Date- 26-01-2001
        
        971 students and 31 teachers
        
        President declared state of emergency.
        
        Ways to measure an earthquake
        
        Earthquake is measured through seismograph
        
        Magnitude of earthquake is
        measured through Richter Scale
        
        <= 2.0
        
        Felt only a little
        
        >5.0
        
        Can cause damage from things falling
        
        >=6.0
        
        Considered very strong
        
        7.0
        
        Major Earthquake
      - Volcano
        
        A vent (opening) in the earth's
        crust through which molten material erupts suddenly. #
      - Landslides
    - - Building mountains
  - - - River
        
        Waterfall
        
        When the river tumbles at
        steep angle over very hard rocks or
        down a steep valley side it forms a waterfall
        
        Highest waterfall- Angel Falls
        
        Location- Venezuela, South America
        
        Niagara falls
        
        Location- border between Canada
        and USA in North America
        
        Victoria Falls
        
        Location- borders of Zambia and
        Zimbabwe in Africa
        
        Meanders
        
        Large bends
        
        Ox-bow lake
        
        Erosion and deposition
        
        Cut-off lakes
        
        Floodplain
        
        Deposit fine layers of soil
        and sediments
        
        When it floods
        
        Delta
        
        The collection of sediments from all the mouths of the distributaries is known as delta
      - Wind
        
        Mushroom rocks
        
        Winds erode the lower section
        of rock more than the upper part
        
        Sand dunes
        
        Low hill like structure
        
        Wind blows and stops blowing
        
        Loess
        
        When very fine and light sand
        is deposited in large areas, it is called
        loess.
        
        Loess is found in China
      - Sea-waves
        
        Sea caves
        
        Rocks - Cracks - Caves
        
        Sea arches
        
        Rocks - Cracks - Caves - Arches
        
        Stacks
        
        Rocks - Cracks - Caves - Arches- Stacks
        
        Sea cliff
        
        Steep rocky coast rising
        almost vertically above sea water
      - Glaciers
        
        Glacier moraines
        
        Bulldoze soil and stones to expose
        the solid rock below