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Anti-nutritonal factors in feedstuff (A substance which under practical…
Anti-nutritonal factors in feedstuff
A substance which under practical circumstances can impair some aspect of animal metabolism and produce adverse biological or economic effects in animal production
Classification
OCCURANCE IN FEEDS
Metal-binding substances
Some compounds have affinity to bind with some of
the metals leading to mineral deficiencies in farm animals
Oxalates
Phytates
Mimosine
Phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds contain an aromatic
ring (s) with one or more hydroxyl groups
Gossypol
It is a poly phenolic compund present in cottonseed meal. It reduces growth rate and food intake, produce cardiac lesions and induce male infertility
Tannin
Polyphenolic compounds that are react with proteins
Astringent and adversely affect feed intake
Mycotoxins cause death in poultry
Hypericin
It is a phenolic compound in Hypericum perforatum
It is a primary photosensitizing agent, producing dermatitis and skin lesions in light skinned animals by reacting with UV light at the skin surface to produce a photodynamic reaction
SITE OF ACTION AND/OR METABOLIC EFFECT
All the metabolic functions in the animal body is affected by one or more inhibitors present in plants
For virtually every organ, endocrine gland, and metabolic pathway in animals, there is corresponding inhibitors in plants
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Glycosides
Ethers containing carbohydrate moiety and a non-carbohydrate moeity (aglycone) joined witn an ether bond
Bitter substances
Proteins
Many important inhibitors in plants are proteins.
Interest is that in some cases that effect of these is to inhibit the utilisation of other proteins by animals
A protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain
The function of peptidases is inhibited by protease inhibitor enzymes
Alkaloid
Compounds that contain nitrogen, usually in heterocyclic ring
Bitter and more toxic
Classified on the basis of the chemical type of the nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring
Carbohydrates
Xylose, a hexose sugar causes reduced growth and eye cataract in pigs and poultry
Certain oligosaccharides viz. raffinose, are not digested in the monogastric animals and so promote bacterial growth in the hind gut.
These are the flatulence factors in beans.
Non starch polysaccharides (NSP) are not digested and they exerts certain harmful effects and reduce the avalaibility of valuable nutrients in non-ruminants
Lipids
Some of the fatty acids are toxic to the animals, they include erucic acid in rapeseed, which causes myocardial infarction in rats.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids, viz. sterculic and malvic acids in cotton seed, posses toxic properties and cause pink colourations in stored eggs.
They are also cocarcinogens in increasing the carcinogenicity of aflatoxins :
Analysis of anti-nutritional factors in feedstuffs
Extracts of samples (feedstuffs)
The samples was added the aqueous ethanol
The solution was filtered using filter paper and the residue re-extracted with ethanol
The extract was added diethyl ether and pH was adjusted to 4.5 by adding NaOH
Samples in spectrophotometer
The absorbance of the reaction mixture of
each sample was measured at 760nm spectrophotometrically