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Personality and value (Value (Classifying values: (RVS – Rokeach value…

- - - - Terminal values: desirable end-states: goals achieve during one’s lifetime. (comfortable life, sense of accomplishment, equality and wisdom)
      - Instrumental values: means of achieving the terminal values: intellectual, ambitious, courageous, responsible.
    - - Empirical support in over 40 countries
        
        Values as motivational constructs
    - - Power Distance
        
        Individualism vs. Collectivism
        
        Masculinity vs. Femininity
        
        Uncertainty Avoidance
        
        Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
  - - - There do appear to be intrinsic differences in personality among individuals
      - There are different types of jobs
      - People in jobs congruent with their personality should be more satisfied and less likely to voluntarily resign than people in incongruent jobs.
- - - - Extroverted vs introverted
      - Sensing vs intuitive:
        
        Sensing: practical, prefer routine and order, focus on details
        
        Intuitive: unconscious processes, look at the “big picture”
      - Thinking vs feeling:
        
        feeling = personal values + emotions
        
        thinking = reason + logic
      - Judging vs perceiving:
        
        Judging: want to control, prefer order
        
        Perceiving: flexible, spontaneous
      - Conscientiousness + emotional stability: performance
        
        Conscientiousness + emotional stability: job/life satisfaction
        
        Extroversion, enthusiasm, social skills: leadership
        
        Openness: creativity & leadership
        
        Agreeableness: are good in social settings & teams
    - - Extroversion: comfort level with relationship (gregarious, assertive and sociable)
      - Agreeableness: individual's propensity to defer to other (cooperative, warm, trusting)
      - Conscientiousness: reliability (responsible, organized, dependable, persistent)
      - Emotional stability (reverse Neuroticism): withstand stress (calm, self-confident, secure)
      - Openness to experience: range of interests and fascination with novelty (creative, curious, artistically sensitive)
  - - - Type A: aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or people.
        
        Goal orientation, need for closure: try to complete to finish the task very fast
        
        Always moving, talking and eating rapidly, Impatient with the rate at which most events take place, Do 2 things at once, Cannot cope with leisure time, Obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much everything they acquire, Create a life of deadlines
        
        type B: opposite
  - - - Strong situations pressure us to exhibit the right behavior, discourage the wrong behavior
        Week situation: freer to express our personality
      - 4 elements of situation:
        
        Clarity: the degree to which cues about work duties and responsibilities are available and clear.
        
        Consistency: the extent to which cues regarding work duties and responsibilities are compatible with one another.
        
        Constraints: extent of freedom to decide or act is limited by forces outside their control
        
        Consequences: the degree to which decisions or actions have important implication for the organization or its members, clients, …
- - - - High rating: large inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture
      - Low rating: societies that stress equality and opportunity
    - - individualism: national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to at as an individuals rather than as a member
      - Collectivism: national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
    - - Masculinity: favor traditional masculine roles: achievement, power and control, opposed to viewing men and women as equals, men dominating the society.
      - Femininity: men and women equal.
    - - Long-term: look to the future and value thrift (carefulness), persistence and tradition
      - Short-term: accept change more readily
  - - - 9 dimensions: 5 from Hofstede and 4 additional: