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Bone health (What are bones? (Functional Characteristics (Approximately…

- - - - These inorganic mineral crystals allow for strength and rigidity of the bone
      - Major mineral crystal is hydroxyapatite
    - - Consists of collagen, nerves, cartilage and connective tissues
      - Allows for bone flexibility
  - - - Cortical bone
        
        Slow turnover
        
        Makes up about 80% of all bones in the body
        
        Dense
        
        Makes up the small bones and the outer layers of long bones
      - Trabecular bone
        
        Makes up about 20% of all bones in the body
        
        Dynamic
        
        Makes up the spinal vertebrae and ends of long bones, the pelvis and ribs
    - - Osteoblasts
        
        Build and create bones
      - Osteoclasts
        
        Break down the bones
    - - Bone growth
        
        Mature bone is removed from skeleton and new bone is put in
      - Bone modelling
        
        Bones creating a specific shape
  - - - Turnover of bone occurs all the time
        
        About 15-30% of bone is rebuilt every year in adults
        
        Osteoblasts decrease in functioning and osteoclasts remain at the same level of function in adults
        
        There is more bone rebuilding in areas affected by activity and physical stress
        
        However, before the bone can be rebuilt there must be some breaking down of the old bone
      - All bone (100%) is rebuilt the first year of an individuals lifetime
  - - - Thyroid gland
        
        Calcitonin
        
        Decreased action of osteoclasts which reduces the amount of calcium entering the blood from bones
    - - Calcitriol (active vitamin D)
        
        Kidneys
        
        Conserves calcium in blood
        
        Bone
        
        Osteoclasts causes bone to release calcium in blood
      - Parathyroid gland
        
        Parathyroid hormone
        
        Activates vitamin D to become Calcitriol when calcium is needed in the blood
- - - - Bone Health
        
        Constituent in Hydroxyapatite crystals. Provides bone strength and rigidity
      - Other roles
        
        Nerve transmission and muscle contraction.
        
        When calcium flows into muscle cells, contraction occurs. When calcium exits muscle cell, relaxation of muscle occurs.
        
        Calcium is essential in the blood clotting process
        
        Inverse relationship between calcium intake and high blood pressure
        
        The calcium that can be found in the bone in the form of a "Calcium bank" works to keep blood calcium levels stable
    - - Osteoprosis
        
        Decreased bone density which increases risk of fracture.
        
        Risk factors
        
        Physical activity
        
        Exercise may increases muscle and bone strength
        
        Body weight
        
        Underweight women at risk
        
        Genetics/race
        
        Plays a role in bone growth and rate of bone loss
        
        Age/gender/hormones
        
        Bones are stronger in young adulthood
        
        Bones lose strength and density as you age
        
        Adult men have more dense bones than women
        
        Menopause causes a decrease in estrogen levels, speeds up bone loss-rate
        
        Smoking and alcohol
        
        Alcohol toxic to bone
        
        Smoking may speed up estrogen breakdown which accelerates bone loss rate
      - Preventative methods
        
        Goal is to decrease rate of bone loss
        
        Estrogen Therapy
        
        Vitamin D Therapy
        
        Calcitonin Therapy
        
        Bisphosphonate Therapy
    - - Causes
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
      - Effects
        
        Hypercalcemia
      - Risk factors
        
        People with kidney disease
    - - Tablets
      - Liquids
      - Effervescent
      - Chewable
    - - Milk & Milk Products
      - Fortified soy or other plant-based beverages
      - Some green leafy vegetables
  - - - Bone Health
        
        Bone formation & maintenance
        
        Provides strength and rigidity to bones
        
        Forming other minerals crystals in bone
      - Other Roles
        
        Fluid Balance
        
        Act as Buffers
        
        Functions in Cells
        
        Transportation of fat-soluble nutrient in the body
    - - Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological and renal malfunctioning
    - - No true toxic effect of high intake
    - - Milk & Milk Products
      - Legumes
      - Soft Drinks
  - - - Bone Health
        
        Blood clotting
        
        Stabilizes ATP
        
        Nerve transmission & muscle contraction activity
        
        Allows occurrence of calcium-regulating hormones, vitamin D and PTH
      - Other roles
        
        Immune function
    - - Legumes
      - Whole grains
      - Tofu
    - - Hypertension
      - Weakness
      - Loss of appetite
      - Irregular heart beat
      - Disorientation
    - - Pharmacologic doses can result in diarrhea and abdominal cramps
- - - - In children - Rickets disease
      - In adults - Osteomalacia
    - - Hypercalcemia
        
        Occurs when there are high calcium levels in the blood
    - - Bone health
        
        Regulates level of calcium in blood and mineralization of bones. Acts on intestines, bone and kidneys to increase calcium absorption and retention
      - Other roles
        
        Active form of vitamin D plays a role in maturing immune cells
    - - Food sources
        
        Animal sources: egg yolks, liver, fish & fish oils
        
        Fortified food, supplements
      - Other sources
        
        Solar exposure of skin
  - - - Rare, excessive amount can decrease effects of anti coagulant drugs
    - - Food sources
        
        Green leafy vegetables
        
        Liver, eggs, milk
      - Can be synthesised by bacteria in large intestine
    - - Infants at risk, low levels of vitamin K at birth, low levels in breastmilk
      - Rare for adults. People that use antibiotics or people with fat malabsorption conditions at risk.
      - Deficiency increase risk of excessive bleeding
    - - Bone Health
        
        Essential for production of the calcium binding hormone osteocalcin, which promotes calcium mineralization of bone
      - Other Roles
        
        Required in synthesis of the blood clotting protein fibrin
- - - - No pain, approximately 20 minutes in length, non invasive
      - Can measure specific bones or can measure the entire skeleton
      - Outcome measured by comparison of scan taken to that of a healthy individual of the same race and gender at 30 years old
        
        Creates a T - score which is an indicator for bone density
        
        +1 - 1 = normal
        
        -1 - -2.5 = osteopenia (meaning there is low bone mass)
        
        Less than -2.5 = osteoporosis (very low bone mass)
      - Very low radiation
    - - Utilizes sound waves to measure the bone density in the heel
      - Non pain, efficient and non invasive
      - Not a diagnostic tool should only be used for screening
        
        If the results are poor then should look into having a DEXA scan done
    - - X rays are utilized to measure the bone density in the wrist or finger or heel
      - No pain, efficient and non invasive
      - Should not be used to diagnose as it is only a screening tool
        
        If results are poor then should look into having a DEXA scan done
- - - - Bone and teeth mineralization
    - - Dental caries
    - - Seafood
      - Chewing gum
      - Brewed tea
    - - Fluorosis