Humanities exam semester 2 Year 9

Biomes

Civics

Food security

Business

The worlds Biomes

Define the term biome and identify specific examples

Differentiate between the two different types of ecosystems

Explain what solar insolation is and its importance to ecosystems

Describe the relationship between solar insolation and latitude

Define precipitation and explain its importance to ecosystems

Define temperature and explain its importance to ecosystems

Start to explore the impact of humans on the biosphere

A Biome is a area with specific climate and vegetation, for example a tundra is a cold, treeless biome.

Aquatic is an water based ecosystem, while terrestrial is a land based ecosystem

Solar insolation is the amount of solar radiation an ecosystem receives. It is important because ecosystems rely on their normal amount of solar insolation and any disruption to that can hurt the ecosystem, e.g if the tundra had more solar radiation, the snow would melt and trees would grow.

There is more solar insolation around the equator, and as the latitude moves towards the poles there is less solar insolation.

Precipitation is water that falls from the clouds in the forms of sleet, hail, rain, snow.

Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold an area is, which is determined by how much sun it can get.

Humans are making factories that are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and these gases are getting trapped in the ozone layer. They are then warming up the planet because they are trapped. This is called the greenhouse event. The ozone layer is also beginning to degrade and weakening in certain areas

Australias biomes

Explain and understand why Australia has a variety of ecosystems

Demonstrate links between Australian ecosystems to other locations in the world

Australia is positioned near both the equator and the south pole (at different ends) and because of this, Australia has a very diverse range of ecosystems from the tropical rainforests in north Queensland to the icy mountains in southern Tasmania.

Australian ecosystems in Queensland, specifically the tropical rainforests, resemble a lot of south america. The dessert in central australia is similar to desserts in the middle of Africa, and the great barrier reef is similar to many reefs around the world, specifically around islands.

Case study: Antarctica and the Arctic

Outline how humans contribute to global warming

Describe the impact that global warming is having (or may have in the future) on the polar biomes of the world

Explain how the changes to these polar biomes can impact other parts of the world

Humans are making factories that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which heats up the earth, and cannot escape because the ozone layer keeps these gases in, so they heat up the earth.

The ice caps are melting at both poles because of the increased temperature, and in the future, if it is not stopped, both poles will melt, and many polar species will be lost.

The water from the melted ice caps will raise the sea level causing other countries to have their coastal towns flooded.

Biomes and food security

Define the term omnivore

Explain, using examples, what is meant by a ‘staple food’

Identify which types of biomes can produce the most food

An animal who eats both meat and plants. e.g, a human.

A staple food is an easy to grow and mass produce food often at the base of a particular area of the world's cuisine, for example, wheat is easy to grow in Europe, so a lot of their food ends up with bread or wheat in it.

Biomes that are not to hot or cold, and that are flat so grasslands, and forests if cut down.

Threats to Global Food Security

Climate and Climate change

Understand the terms ‘food security and food insecurity’.

Recognise the potential risks and threats to food security, especially climate change, land and water degradation

Recognise that threats to food security can have impacts locally and globally.

Food security means that you have access to safe, nutritious food that meets your dietary requirements and that it is from a sustainable food source (if you have access to hunting, for example, that is not sustainable because maybe one day you won't kill anything). Food insecurity is the opposite, when you do not have access to safe, nutritious food and a sustainable food source.

Explain why climate is important to food production

Identify the positive and negative aspects of climate change

Identify the parts of the world most at risk of food insecurity due to climate change, land and water degradation

Conduct research into an area currently at risk due to climate change

Land and water degradation

Identify the environmental causes of water and land degradation

Outline the impact of water and land degradation on food security

Population growth and food production

Describe the impact of population growth on food production.

Understand the trends in food production.

Explain the different factors in expanding food production.

Describe the barriers in food production.

Marketing

Business

Advertising of a product

Create awareness of the product and convince people they need it

To make a profit, business' market

Marketing 4 Ps

Product: What are they selling?

Price: How much those items cost?

Place: Where are they selling it?

Promotion: How do they advertise?

Take into account need for profit

Also make sure not too much profit per item or people won't buy it

Online

In store

Magazines

Billboards

Definition: Buying and selling goods/services to make a profit

Business models

Sole trader

Partnership business

Combination of positive and negative

Positives

Negatives

Retain all profit

Easy to set up and shut down

Complete responsibility

Responsible for all debt

Can be stressful to make all decisions

Examples

Cafe

Florist

Homemade candles

Combination of positive and negative

Negative

Positives

More peoples ideas

Workload shared

A business owned and run by one person

A business owned and run by 2-20 people

Examples

Profit distributed evenly

Everyone responsible for debt

Decisions can take a long time to be made

Restaurant

Franchise

Tech company

Real estate

If climate change continues, food security is at risk. The areas where we grow crops will get too hot and the land will become infertile. Land degradation due to overgrazing, among other factors can also leave much of the worlds land unusable as livestock fields and well us unusable for crops.

Locally, people will begin to try and grow their own food in a desperate effort to have food. Food prices will go up because crops will have to be imported. Globally, people will begin to starve if food cannot get to them, and we will not have enough food to feed the growing population.

If the climate of an area is too humid, dry, hot or cold, it can mean that food cannot be produced there. If it is to dry it can't get water, too hot it might shrivel and die, and too cold it will freeze. If we don't have areas will a balanced, neutral climate, food production will become significantly harder

Positive aspects are that it is bringing the world together against a common issue. The negative is that it will destroy crops, cause the sea levels to rise, cause many natural disasters that will kill many people and ultimately it will destroy this earth and make it inhospitable

Poorer countries are at risk as they are less likely to be able to pay to import food and also will lose the land they have to land degradation. Climate change will effect areas where people live in very cold climates and melt the ice around them. It will also affect those living on the coasts as the poles will melt and raise sea levels.

Land degradation can be caused by many things, including overgrazing, tourism and introduced plant and animal species. Water degradation is cause by pollution in water and other things such as oil spills and mining activities.

If land degrades, it can mean less viable crop land. Water degradation can kill fish and sec creatures which are a primary source of food for many people and areas. Both of these things will really put food security under threat if the continue.

As the population grows, food production also needs to grow, and it is, but not enough. The population is growing so fast that we cannot speed up food production fast enough, and this is leading to future food insecurity

Representative government

The parliament of Victoria

Law making in Victoria

Australia's legal system

Biomes and food security recap

Biomes

Food security

Climate: Weather and temperature

Precipitation: rainfall, sleet, snow, hail

Important for plants and animals living there

Classification

Vegetation

Precipitation

Elevation

Solar insolation

The amount of solar energy an area receives

Ecosystem types

Aquatic: Water based

Terrestrial: Land based

Why Australia has so many types of biomes?

Long coast line

Geological hostory

Large in size

Antarctica and the arctic

Climate change

Ice caps melting

Sea level rising

Temperature is rising

Effects of climate change

Coastal towns and islands flooding

Salt levels in the sea are changing

Animals losing habitats and food

Ocean temperature changing

Animals effected

Agriculture effected

Staple foods are foods regularly eaten by a community that are easy to grow in that area

Definition of food security: Access to healthy food in a reasonable quantity and of a reasonable quality

Things that can impact food security

Poverty

No land space for crops

Over populated

War or conflict

Droughts/flooding

Climate/Weather

Fresh water shortage

Water degradation

Land degradation

Changing consumption pattern

Human impact on the world that cause climate change and food insecurity

Clearing of land for agriculture

Urbanisation

Deforestation

Pollution

Over fishing

Bicameral system: a system of government consisting of 2 houses

Legislative council

Legislative Assembly

Larger house, 88 people

Lower house

Represented by green

Upper house

Represented by red

Smaller house, 40 people