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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Characters of…
Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Characters of Nonvascular Plants
Green algae is mistaken for moss
Exclusively terrestrial and are covered by a cuticle
Club mosses are lycophytes not mosses
Never grow really huge
Spread rapidly by asexual reproduction
Classification of Nonvascular Plants
Bryophyte is used only for mosses
Three groups mosses, liverworts, hornworts
three divisions: Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerotophyta
Division of Bryophyta: Mosses
The Gametophyte Generation
Development
Protonema are perennial and grow extensively
Protonema- chlorophyllous cell undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system
Water Transport
Hydroids and leptoids
Rhizoids small multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the surface of the substrate
Morphology
Moss stems are always slender and have little tissue differentiation
Leaves of mosses did not evolve from the same structures as vascular plant stems and leaves
Reproduction
Sperms are produced in microgametangia called antheridia
Eggs occur in the megagametangia called archegonia
The Sporophyte Generation
Nutrition for the zygote is provided by the grandparent generation
All moss sporophytes have a simple structure: no leaves, bracts, or buds.
Mosses are homosporus
Metabolism and Ecology
Due to incomplete cuticles moss gametophores dry out extremely fast if exposed to dry air
Some mosses are tolerant to desiccation
Mosses can grow on hard surfaces because they lack roots
Division of Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
The Gametophyte Generation
Special mucilage chamber forms, cells lining the chamber then grow into it and become the antheridia
Hornworts typically live for less than a year in temperate climates
The Sporophyte Generation
Hornworts have a foot embedded in gametophore tissue but no seta or discrete sporangium
Hornworts have a columella that are multicellular
Division of Hepatophyta: Liverworts
The Gametophyte Generation
Thallose liverworts are flat and ribbon like, and bilaterally symmetrical
Leafy liverworts and thallose liverworts
The Sporophyte Generation
Zygote grows into a spherical mass and it produces spores
Elaters- single elongated cells with spring shaped walls
