Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
16: Interviews (Interviewing ((Kvale, 1996): Interviewer should be…
16: Interviews
Interviewing
Interviewer should (Tuckman, 1972):
- Inform of nature and purpose of interview
- put the participant at ease
- explain conduct
- inform of how and ask for permission for answers being recorded
- Interviewer should hide biases and not be judgmental
(Kvale, 1996): Interviewer should be knowledgeable about subject matter and also an expert in communication
(Simons1982) and Lewis,1992):
Children will rather say anything than nothing
Active listening. Interviewee should do most of the talking, p. 365
Friendly, sensitive. Not leave interviewee feeling worse than at beginning of interview
Scale of "directiveness" (Whyte, 1982):
- Making encouraging noises
- Reflecting on informants' remarks
- Probing on the last remark made by the informant
- Probing an idea preceding the last remark by the informant
- Probing an idea expressed earlier in the interview
- Introducing a new topic
(Patton, 1980): Avoid use of academic jargon
List of things to avoid, p. 363-364
List of how to, p. 364
(Arksey and Knight,1999: 53)
Three forms:
- Formal interview with set questions
- Less formal where interviewer can rearrange, use different wordings and explain questions
- Conversational style
Beyond this: Non-directive interview where interviewer takes on subordinate style
(Morrison, 1993) five different continua of conducting interview
1st: transcript and subjective wording on one end, numbers and facts on the other, p. 354
- structured interview
- unstructured interview
- non-directive interview :star:
- focused interview :star: p. 355
Questions
Questions
- Indirect/direct
- specific/general
- seeking opinions or facts
p. 358
Ask for structured or unstructured response, p. 359
Things to consider when making questions, p. 358
Allow?
- Promts: Interviewer clarify topics/questions
- Probes: Interviewer may ask for elaboration
Transcription
(Mishler, 1986): Audiotape leaves out non-verbal aspects
Transcripts are already interpreted data, (Kvale, 1996), p. 367
Seeing knowledge as being created between humans (Kvale, 1996)
Interview is intersubjective (Laing, 1967)
Kitwood (1977) Three conceptions:
- information transfer: Need well asked questions and a sincere respondent
- Recognized and controlled bias: Possible to involve several respondents with different biases
- A social encounter: Recognize relevant features of interview, e.g. role play, stereotypes, perceptions and understandings: Impossible to control bias, just important to apply the right theory for analysis
Ethnographer as interviewer, attributes:
- Trust
- Curiosity
- Naturalness
Three possible gains from respondent (Tuckman, 1972):