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PERSONALITY (Psychoanalysis (Freud) /psychodynamic theory (new adjusted) :…

- - - - inorder to fix it, we need to make the urges conscious to relief problem
  - - - Oral 0-18m: mouth sucking
      - Anal 18-36m: bowl elimination
      - Phallic 3-6yo: genitals
        
        Oedipus complex
        
        love for mother, jealous of father so compete with dad, but compete lead to castration causing castration anxiety, resolve by becomg like father/identify with father/follow society stereotype to get a person like their mom
        
        Electra complex
        
        penis envy, like father because think they can give her that, desire father when realize they can't and the closest alternative is this, jealous of mother, realize they can't so identify with mother/follow social stereotypes to get someone like their father
        
        resolution: superego
      - Latency 6-puberty
      - Genital puberty+
  - - - put every object into mouth as a child, may develop overeating
    - - refusal to release faeces, so hoard money in the future
    - - observe lack of penis then give up hope of being a boy, adopt passive female persona
  - - - expose people to controversial words like death and war, most people cringe but those that have no reaction show "repression
      - repressors feel unaffected, less than anxious and people in denial - possibly because distract self
      - criticism: maybe it is suppression?
    - - exp: make people imagine loved one's death, causes people to cling on to cultural prejudice because of it - everyone's action is bc of denial of death
      - control: physical pain inflicted
      - death may influence some truths, but not all aspects of life
    - - extreme people see others as extreme instead/ everyone agrees you are prejudiced except you - shows projection
      - milder version: False Consensus Effect - overestimation of shared behavior/thinks more people than there actually is does what you're doing
      - eg: abused people estimate 20%, non abused estimate 5%
      - people in the situation don't necessarily guess wrongly, they just guess more
  - - - not work with children despite theory being childhood centered
      - many cases reported sexual abuse until people doubted him
    - - he was mother's favorite, so develop oedipus complex?
    - - shifty about his own statements and predictions
      - translation issues
      - nonfalsifiable, because it explains ALL scenarios
- - - - Ego: cold rational stage/logical
      - Id: hot rational stage/emotional
      - eg: plan for the day in the morning = cold, wake up and dont want to do it = hot
  - - - new interpretation: epigenetic marks
- - - - introversion/extroversion
      - thinking/feeling
      - intuition/sensing
      - added: judging/perceiving
    - - extraversion/introversion
      - emotional instability/stability
    - - Factor Analysis: statistically correlate clusters of behavior reflecting factors
      - Biology - brain image processing
      - personality inventory: questionnaire to assess selected personality traits
      - Problems
        
        reliability
        
        validity
        
        convergent validity: correlate with other tests
        
        predictive: does it predict future behavior
        
        construct: does it fit with the theory - assumes that trait can have many components
        
        find all factors that correlate to 1 trait and just measure one of those to determine if you are positive in that trait
        
        danger: construct can be stretched too thin
        
        Barnum Effect: if something is so applicable that it can apply to anyone
        
        eg horoscope - appeal to what people think is true of themselves eg intuitive, independent thinker, sometimes thinks about partner, sometimes stressed
        
        Mischel: poor cross situational consistency
        
        correlation of r<0.3 across different situations for most traits
        
        eg cheat on test does not mean will steal money
        
        Fundamental attribution error: we overweigh person variable, and underweigh situational variable
        
        (COUNTER ARG) But personality can be the one that influences situations eg people pick situations and people change situations
    - - most widely used
      - developed to identify emotional disorders, not for screening
      - use of T/F questions
      - scored objectively, but can still be subjected to bias or not valid
      - reduced to 338 items to answer
      - had inventories to correct for good impression
    - - stability of traits
        
        5 changeable traits that are independent of one another
        
        Conscientiousness
        
        organization
        
        Agreeableness
        
        cooperation and trust
        
        Neurotism
        
        anxiety and insecurity
        
        Openness
        
        practicality, imaginitiveness
        
        Extraversion
        
        reserved or sociable
        
        New: modesty?
      - heritability
        
        sex difference?
      - reflect different brain structure
      - trait change over genrations?
      - how apply to diff cultures
        
        independent vs interdependent culture
      - predict behavior?
      - correlations like facebook word cloud, correlate with morning/night person
      - consistent traits
        
        delay of gratification
        
        marshmallow test show that delay = better SATs, less run in with law and less likey to get pregnant
        
        show that self discipline matters more than IQ
        
        Criticism:
        
        correlational, not causaton - still matter of directionality
        
        Traits assume that when you say sb is __ , it means they are like that in more situations than an average person that isn't _
        
        follow theory of Maximizer vs Satisficer
        
        maximizer = given all the choices, need to make the best decision
        
        satisficer = as long as hit standard, then any choice is okay
        
        maximizers are correlated with regret
        
        so they are less happy people
        
        maximizer not the same as perfectionists
        
        perfectionists are people who perform well, and not correlate with happiness because they can be proud of themselves, drive others nuts
    - - had inventories to correct for good impression
- - - - boost not always do better
      - but hurt can dampen performance
      - cost:
        
        excessive optimism - increase complacency, blind to real risk
        
        usually disappears right before the moment of truth
        
        overconfidence causes blindness to our weaknesses
        
        self serving bias: readiness to perceive oneself favorably, accept more resp for good sit than bad
        
        but people also disparage themselves - prepare for failure
      - types
        
        defensive - contingent on external factors, so is fragile and makes criticism threatening
        
        narcissism: excessive self love, self absorption
        
        secure - contingent on self
- - - - manifest content - actual content of dreams vs latent content - underlying meaning of it
      - eg king/queen: parents, prince/princess: you, elongated object/weapon: male sexual organ, boxes/cases/hollow objects like ships: uterus, rooms: women
    - - reveal lingering feelings/repressed feelings about sth
      - eg forgetting the latin word for liquid - indicated that he is worried about his girlfriend getting pregnant, because missed period = missed blood which is a liquid lol
- - - - Beware of
        
        illusory correlation: ppl see relationship that isnt there
        
        tests state of the moment, not really overtime
    - - not reliable - can commit illusory correlation too
        
        exp on psychologists show they explain their way back to initial ans, and dnt consider counter examples
      - small/big eyes show paranoia
      - small/big brain shows smartness