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Nonvascular plants: Mosses, Liverworst, Hornworts (Division hepataphyta…

- - - - multiple layers for protection
      - reproduction modifications
        
        caused grouping & protection
    - - plants shaded other plants
        
        caused a selective mutation
        
        making plant grow taller to be close to light
        
        nonvascular used turgid parychama cells
        
        don't grow very tall #
        
        vascular plants #
        
        strengthening material in xylem
        
        good age conduction water
- - - - always surrounded by several layers of sterile cells
  - - - alteration or heteromorphic generations
    - - provides selective advantage
    - - stone walls, fences, bare rocks
- - - - hornworts
        
        anthocerotae
      - liverworts
        
        hepaticae
      - mosses
        
        music
- - - - ubiquitous
      - in all parts of world
      - thrive with cities
      - all have leaves
      - leaves didn't evolve from vascular stems
    - - grow from apical meristem
        
        contain apical cells
      - organized in 3 rows
      - one cell thick
      - cuticle located in upper part
        
        underside uncutinized
        
        capable of absorbing water
        
        little protection from dry spell
        
        no stomata
  - - - innermost cortex cells
      - conduct water
      - dissolved minerals
      - elongated cells
    - - resemble sieve cells
      - elongated
      - prominent interconnections
      - lack nuclei at maturity
      - retain their cytoplasm
    - - cytoplasmic
      - rich with enzymes
    - - water conducted
        
        along exterior stem
        
        by way of capillary action
    - - base of stem
      - small
      - multicellular
      - penetrate substrate
      - anchor stems
      - no absorption
      - lack chloroplast
  - - - spore germinates
      - undergoes mitosis
      - protonema
        
        entire network
    - - many small chloroplast
      - small cells organize apical cell
      - perennial
        
        grows extensively
        
        produces many buds
  - - - biflagellate sperm
      - nonmotile egg
    - - where sperm is produced
    - - where eggs are produced
  - - - interference with the gametophore
      - absorbs sugar, minerals, & water
    - - expansion into simple apical sporangium
    - - narrow stalk
    - - separates the sporangium as cells are torn apart
    - - cell breakage elaborate & precise
      - one or two rows
      - respond to humidity
    - - layer of cells
      - derived from the neck of archegonium
  - - - bulk protects
      - short-term fluctuations
      - air humidity/moisture
        
        stems won't die
- - - - leafy liverworts
      - thallose liverworts
- - - - caused by lack of minerals
      - lakc of photosynthesis
      - absence of growth factors
      - hormones
      - minerals