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Chapter 20 (Division Bryophyta (Reproduction (sperm are called antheridia,…

- - - - the plants are loose and more open
  - - - elongated cells that lose their cytoplasm when matured
        
        each hydroid has leptoids
        
        resembles sieve cells
      - conducts water and dissolved minerals
    - - small multicellular trichome-like structures that penetrate the substrate
      - only anchor the stem
      - lack chloroplasts and have red walls
  - - - resembles filamentous algae
      - number of chloroplasts in each cells distinguishes it
  - - - short stalk surrounded by sterile cells
- - - - Hepatophyta
    - - bryophyta
    - - anthocerotophyta #
- - - - opening the sporangium when the air is dry and bending inward when humid
- - - - nonvascular plants are called bryophytes #
      - these plants arose first
    - - vascular cryptogams
    - - spermatophytes
- - - - leafy liverworts
      - thallose liverworts
    - - two rows are Larger than the third
    - - the body is referred to as a thallus
        
        a body without roots, stems, and leaves
      - the cells are loosely arranged as an aerenchyma with large air chambers that open to the exterior by means of large air pores
  - - - the underside has numerous archegonia