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Nonvascular Plants (Characteristics of nonvascular plants (Stoma, most are…

- - - - ubiquitous, occuring in all parts of the world and in almost every environment. Perennial and thrive in many places within cities
    - - gametophores
        
        Leafy stem of a moss gametophyte
    - - hydroids
        
        conduct water and dissolved materials
      - leptoids
        
        cells that resemble sieve cells involved in carbohydrate conduction
      - rhizoids
        
        only anchor the stem by penetrating the substrate
    - - protonema
        
        mass of algae-like cells that grow from the spore during germination
    - - antheridia
        
        consist of a short stalk, outermost layer of cells, inner mass of cell that differentiate into spermcells
      - archegonia
        
        structure in true plants that produces an egg
  - - - zygote of moss undergoes transverse division and the basal cell develops into a small bulbous tissue
    - - upper cell growth from cell division and expansion into a simple apical sporangium
    - - In mosses and liverworts the stalk of the capsule, located between the foot and the sporangium
    - - separates from the rest of the sporangium as cells are torn apart
    - - cell breakage resulting in one or two rows of teeth
    - - layer of cells derived from the neck of archegonium
- - - - leafy liverworts
      - thallose liver worts
    - - body without roots, stems, or leaves
    - - air pores similar to stoma but have no guard cells and cannot close
    - - umbrella shaped outgrowth antheridia grow from upper surface
    - - has a set of radiating fingers that project outward and droop downward
  - - - single elongate cells with spring like walls, the walls push out the spores